China agriculture and industry 1949-65

A level edexcel Mao's China key topic 4 communist states in the twentieth century

Attack on landlords: During the Chinese civil war ___, there were more attacks on wealthy people

1945-49

Attack on landlords: ____ was taken from landlords and redistributed amongst its former tenants. However, only __% to __% rented land so were the only ones liable for redistribution

property

10

15

Attack on landlords: Landlords were put on ___ trials and denounced as ‘_______ __ ___ ______’

public

enemies of the people

Attack on landlords: What law encouraged violent confrontations (also known as what) in what year

Agrarian reform law 1950

struggle meetings

Attack on landlords: around how many landlords were killed during land reform of the early 19__s

1 million

1950s

Attack on landlords: ___% of cultivated land was redistributed and ___% of the population benefitted

40

60

Attack on landlords: Land reform was completed by ___ destroying the old elite and bought the support of the peasants who made up ___% of China

1952

80

Attack on landlords: In places like ___, landlords held more power so reform was unable to take place

Taiwan

Redistribution of land: ___% of cultivated land was redistributed and ___% of the population benefitted

40

60

Redistribution of land: The gain was as much as __ or __ acres per family

1

2

Redistribution of land: Redistribution of land was not the most considerable change for two reasons

collectivisation happened within a few years

reliant on land reform and the attacks on landlords

Agricultural cooperation: MATs - ‘_____ ___ _____’ in what year

mutual aid teams

1951

Agricultural cooperation: MATs were groups of about ___ families who pooled labour and equipment. By what year did ___% of peasant households belong to MATS?

10

1952

40

Agricultural cooperation: APCs - ‘__________ _______ ___________’

agricultural producers cooperatives

Agricultural cooperation: under APCs private ownership was minimised to __%

5

Agricultural cooperation: ___% of families joined the APC units and there was a ___% increase in production yearly from 1953-57

14

3.8

Agricultural cooperation: What system was set up that allowed families to trade for ____ or ____

point system

money

grain

Agricultural cooperation: Ideology - in what year did Mao push for his vision of a ‘____ _______’

1955

socialist countryside

Agricultural cooperation: Ideology - Mao was a ______ and needed to demonstrate his power over moderates like ____ and ____

ideologue

Zhou enlai

Lui shaoqui

Agricultural cooperation: Economic - Mao needed to fund new ____ tech with money from food exports

russian

Agricultural cooperation: personal - control over the peasants who were ___%

80

Agricultural cooperation: personal - To boost his popularity however this backfired as he was accused of ‘____ ______’ in ___ and in ____ who disbanded _/_ of APCs

rash advance

1953

1955

Lui shaoqui

1/4

Enforced collectivisation: Mao announced enforced collectivisation in ____

july 1955

Enforced collectivisation: The number of houses in APCs grew from ___ million to ___ million by ____

17

75

1956

Enforced collectivisation: private ownership of ___ and ____ was abolished

tools and land

Enforced collectivisation: why did the standard of living improve

peasants better fed

5YP 1953-57: Annual growth averaged ___%

16%

5YP 1953-57: Industrial output grew ___% per year

15.5%

5YP 1953-57: Standard of living improved due to what

secure jobs

5YP 1953-57: The industrial workforce grew __ million to __ million

6

10

5YP 1953-57: Coal production did what

nearly doubled

5YP 1953-57: While ___ industry was prioritised, what was neglected

heavy

light industry

5YP 1953-57: The supply of what was low due to people spending money of _______ ____ to fund the plan

consumer goods

government bonds

5YP: between what years was the 5YP

1953-57

5YP targets: Mao modelled the plan off of who

Russia

5YP targets: The plans focus was on what

the centralisation of heavy industry

5YP targets: Steel production increased how many times

4

5YP targets: ____ trucks were made compared to the quota of ____

7500

4000

5YP targets: Focus on ____ over _____

quantity over quality

5YP targets: Vital quotas such as what were not met

crude oil

5YP USSR support: ____ agreement in ___ meant that Russian aid was given to China

sino-soviet

1950

5YP USSR support: how many industrial experts were sent to china and how many chinese technicians were sent to russia

11,000

28,000

5YP USSR support: How many new projects were set up focused on mainly what

156

infastructure

5YP USSR support: Russian technology was introduced into which area

mining

5YP USSR support: Soviets helped china establish _____

refineries

5YP USSR support: Loan of $____ million over the next ___ years. what were the two problems with this?

300

5

high interest

demanding repayment schedule

organisation of communes: Mao claimed he needed to ‘_________ ___________’

socialise agriculture

organisation of communes: First commune was established in ___ and was named ____ commune

1958

sputnik

organisation of communes: how many cooperatives were reorganised into _______ communes with approximately _____ households in each commune

740,000

26,000

5500

organisation of communes: What was abolished and ___% of private housing was destroyed

private property

40

organisation of communes: Industry developed in communes to make them self-sufficient. They produced their own ___ and consumer goods like ____

food

toothbrushes

organisation of communes: Communes were declared ____ units. all abled bodied aged ___ to ___ were part of the ____ acting as the police force

military units

15-50

militia

organisation of communes: Communes had set ____

incomes

organisation of communes: ___% of women worked alongside men on the farms

90

Communal living: Communes were made up of around how many households. Mao had claimed that __% of peasants were in communes

5500

99%

Communal living: ___% of women worked on farms

90

Communal living: Infants were put in ________ while the elderly were put in ‘__________’

kindergartens

happiness homes

Communal living: What got rid of traditional family dinners

Mess halls

Communal living: Intense competition between communes, those with the greatest faith were considered what?

The most ‘Red’

Communal living: Easy to subject people to what ______.

propaganda

Lysenkoism: Lysenko claimed that crop yields could be increased by doing what?

planting seeds closer

Lysenkoism: His theories were _____ and lead to crops ______

fraudulent

decaying

Lysenkoism: What did peasants do when Mao visited

crops transported along his route

Lysenkoism: After what campaign in ___, in which ____ were persecuted, local leaders felt compelled to meet ridiculous quotas

Anti-Rightist 1957

500,000

Lysenkoism: Falsified reports increases taxes from ___% to ___% despite a ____% drop in production from 1958-60

20

28

30

Lysenkoism: there was a conference called what in ___

Lushan conference 1959

Lysenkoism: In the Lushan conference who voiced concerns about the falsification of harvest reccords and what two things happened to him

Peng Duhai

House arrest

condemned a rightist

The Great Famine: What years was it and which harvest started it

1958-62

harvest of 1959

The Great Famine: Killed between how many people

15-50 million

The Great Famine: tax rates rose to ___% despite the ___% drop in production due to inflated reports from fearful locals

28

30

The Great Famine: Rations were cut in cities. Mao supposidly went without ___ for ____ months

meat

7

The Great Famine: Hunger lead people to eat what 5 things, and in some cases even lead to ______

seeds

grass

treebark

boiled leather

soil

cannibalism

The Great Famine: Extreme rain in the ____ and droughts in the ____

south

north

The Great Famine: ___% of land was affected by what two natural disasters

60

droughts

flooding

The Great Famine: Mao refused to accept ______ _____ _____ in order to convince the world thar his plan was successful

international food relief

The Great Famine: By what year had soviet relations deteriorated and what did the USSR do to make china’s situation worse

1960

called in chinese debts

The Great Famine: There was a meeting in ___ in which mao made a form of self-criticism where he accepted responsibility for the famine but what did he refuse to do

7000 cadre meeting

1962

apologise

The Great Famine: In what year did mao withdraw from public life and who took over

1962

lui shaoqui

deng xiaoping

GLF economic reasons for launch: During 1st 5YP in ____ - ____, industrial production grew by ___% annually but agricultural production only increased by ___% a year

1953-57

15.5

3.8

GLF economic reasons for launch: In ___, grain production only increased by ___% despite the ___% increase in population

1957

1

2

GLF economic reasons for launch: Unlike Stalin, why couldn’t Mao forcibly requesition grain

70% rural background

GLF USSR rivalry reasons for launch: Mao was concerned with whose speech in ___ as it criticised Stalin’s cult and effectively his too

Khrushchev’s secret speech 1956

GLF USSR rivalry reasons for launch: Despite a secret meeting in ___ ( in which China was promised access to ____) Mao was worried with Khrushchev’s policy of ‘________ ___________’ with the west

1957

nuclear weapons

‘peaceful coexistence’

GLF USSR rivalry reasons for launch: Whats a quote from Mao which demonstrated that the GLF was an assertion of independence

“From 1958, we decided to make self-reliance our major policy”

GLF political reasons for launch: Pragmatists like ______ wanted to offer ________ while radicals like ____ wanted _____ campaigns to encourage what

zhou enlai

material incentives

mao zedong

propaganda

mass mobilisation

GLF political reasons for launch: In ___, who went against mao and reduced capital construction investments from ___ to ___ billion yuan

1956

zhou enlai

18-14

GLF political reasons for launch: mao deemed anyone against his policy a “__________ ______”

capitalist roader

GLF political reasons for launch: In ___, Mao transferred oversight of economic planning from the government, ran by _____, to the party

1958

zhou enlai

GLF successes/failures: Aimed to industrialise china and planned to catch up with ____ and ____ in ___-___ years (this would imply a ____% increase in ___ production)

britain

america

10-15

2000

steel

GLF successes/failures: China became the biggest steel exported worldwide, projecting _____ million tonnes. However, steel produced was what

100

poor quality pig iron

GLF successes/failures: What scheme was set up

backyard furnace scheme

GLF successes/failures: approximately how many backyard furnaces were set up

600,000 to millions

GLF successes/failures: what was melted down to make steel in the backyard furnace schemes

spoons or pans

GLF successes/failures: Furnaces required wood. ___% of china’s forests were lost

10

GLF successes/failures: What campaign in ____ got rid of all interllectuals who could provide intellectual support for the scheme

anti-rightists 1957

GLF successes/failures: Millions of ______ labourers were moved from farms to steel making leaving the majority of the agricultural labour force to be _____ and _____

surplus

women

older men

GLF successes/failures: Huge constructional success. _____ square was built in ___ years

Tiananmen

2

GLF successes/failures: Mao helped out at the construction site the ‘____ _____ _________’ for ___ mins for a propaganda campaign.

ming tombs reservoir

30

Four pests campaign: Launched in what year

1958

Four pests campaign: Targeted what four animals

rats

flys

mosquitos

sparrows