Test 16 Digestive System: Salivary glands, Alimentary Canal and Biliary System

mouth/oral cavity

What is the first division of the digestive system

the process of chewing, the teeth cut, grind and tear food which is mixed with saliva

define mastication

the teeth

which structures function in mastication?

softens food, keeps mouth moist and contributes digestive enzymes

what is the purpose of salvia?

-parotid

-submandibular

-sublingual

name the three pairs of salivary glands

colitis

inflammation of the colon

volvulus

twisting of a bowl loop on itself

inguinal hernia

protrusion of the bowel into the groin

gastritis

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

polyp

growth or mass protruding from the mucous membrane

ulcer

depressed lesion of the surface of the alimentary canal

gastrointestinal reflux

backward flow of the stomach contents into the esophagus

diverticulosis

diverticula is the colon without inflammation symptoms

intussusception

prolapse of a portion of the bowel into the lumen of an adjacent part

diverticulum

pouch created by the herniation of the mucous membrane through the muscular coat

esophagus

the musculomembranous passage that extends form the pharynx to the stomach is the

cardiac antrum

the expanded part of the distal esophagus is called the

cardiac sphincter

the opening into the stomach through which food and liquid pass is the

stomach

the organ in which gastric digestion begins is the

rugae

the gastric folds of the stomach are the

the right boarder

the border of the stomach with the lesser curvature is the

right boarder of the esophagus ending at the pylorus

the lesser curvature extends from the esophagogastric junction to the

the greater curvature

the left and inferior borders of the stomach are

high and horizontal

the stomach is located _____ and more _______ in the hypersthenic body habitus

-cardia

-fundus

-body

-pyloric portion

name the four parts of the stomach

cardia

the part of the stomach immediately surrounding the esophageal opening is the

fundus

the most superior part of the stomach is the

pyloric portion

the most inferior part of the stomach is the

pyloric orfice

the opening between the stomach and the small intestine is the

-duodenum

-jejunum

-ileum

the threes parts of the small intestine are the

duodenum

the proximal part of the small intestine is the

duodenal bulb

The radiographically significant first segment of the proximal part of the small intestine is the

ileocecal valve

the small intestine terminates at the

hepatopancreatic ampulla

the common bile and the pancreatic ducts empty into the

jejunum

the middle part of the small intestine is the

ileum

the distal part of the small intestine is the

ileum and duodenum

the shortest part of the small intestine is the ________ the longest part is the _______

ileocecal valve

the passage from the small intestine to the large intestine is the

large intestine

the largest organ in the abdominal cavity is the

common hepatic duct

the right and left hepatic ducts join to form the

gallbladder

the cystic duct enables bile from the liver to be stored in the

liver

the gallbladder is usually located on the inferior side of the right lobe of the

common bile duct

the common hepatic duct unties with cystic duct to form the

pancreatic duct

in 20% of subjects, before entering the duodenum the common bile duct joins with the

cholecystokinin

the muscular contraction of the gallbladder is activated by a hormone called

pancreas

the gland that produces insulin is the

true

T/F in a hypersthenic patient the gallbladder is situated high and well away form the midsagittal plane

false

T/F the gallbladder is located posterior to the liver in the retroperitoneal space

true

T/F the pancreas cannot be demonstrated using plain radiography

true

T/F the spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system

true

T/F the pancreas and the liver secrete specialized digestive juices into the small intestine

term applied to radiographic examination of salivary glands and ducts with the use of contrast material

define sialography

water soluble iodinated

what type of contrast medium is used for sialography

-AP

-PA

-RAO/LPO

-lateral

list the typical projections for an esophageal study

high density barium and carbon dioxide crystals

what two types of contrast media are used for double contrast esophageal studies

LAO may superimpose vertetbral shadows with the distal esophagus

why is the PA oblique projection, left anterior oblique position not included in the typical esophageal study?

T5-T6

when demonstrating the entire esophagus to what level of the patient should the IR be centered

RAO and LPO

what two oblique positions can be used to demonstrate the entire esophagus effectively

allow the barium to coat the stomach

why is the recumbent right anterior oblique position preferred over the upright position

esophagus seen through vertebra

for anteroposterior or posteroanterior projections how is it determined that the selection of exposure factors acceptable

between the vertebra and the heart

in relation to the surrounding structures where should the esophagus appear in images with the patient in the RAO position

partially obscured by the vertebrae

in images of contrast filled esophagus with the patient in the RAO position how does the esophagus appear in relation to the surrounding structures when rotation of the patient was insufficient

ribs posterior to vertebrae superimposed

in the lateral projection what structures aer used to determine whether the patient was rotated?how should these structures appear?

35-40

for images with the patient in the RAO position the patient should be rotated approximately ____ degrees

cardiac orifice

the esophagus should be clearly seen from the lower neck to the

true

T/F Single-contrast and double-contrast studies can be used to demonstrate the esophagus

true

T/F A barium sulfate mixture is the preferred contrast medium to demonstrate the esophagus

true

T/F a high density barium (210%-2500% weight/volume) is recommended for double contrast esophageal and gastric examinations

UGI

What acronym refers to the gastrointestinal series?

to have a colon free of gas and fecal material

As part of patient preparation in a UGI study, why should the patient maintain a soft, low-residue diet for 2 days?

The coating ability of the barium would be diminished because the secretion of gastric juices may be stimulated.

How can the UGI study be affected if the patient smokes cigarettes shortly before the examination?

60% weight/volume for single and 210-250% for double contrast

What type of radiopaque contrast medium usually is used in routine UGI studies?

single contrast and double contrast

List the two general GI studies routinely used to examine the stomach.

60% weight/volume

what weight/volume concentration for the barium sulfate suspension usually used for single-contrast UGI examinations?

-small lesions are easily obscured

-mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized

List the two advantages of performing the double-contrast UGI examination.

high density barium sulfate and gas crystals

What are the two types of contrast media used in double-contrast UGI procedures?

true

T/F The barium sulfate suspension used for double contrast exams should have a higher weight per volume ratio than the barium sulfate suspension used for single contrast exams.

to coat the mucosal lining of the stomach

Why should patients undergoing double contrast exams turn form side to side or roll over a few times during the procedure

The patient should be instructed not to bleach

During double contrast examinations, what instructions should be given to the patient after the patient swallows the carbon dioxide crystals or tablets to ensure a double contrast effect?

to help relax the gastrointestinal tract

What is the purpose of using glucagon during double contrast exams

An UGI exam in which the patient is first examined with a double contrast procedure and then with single contrast procedure

What is a biphasic GI examination

double contrast

Which method of exam (single or double) is performed first as part of a biphasic exams

true

T/F during a normal UGI examination the contrast media, normally begins to pass into the duodenum almost immediately

false

T/F nervous tension of the patient may accelerate transit of the contrast medium

true

T/F The PA projection with the patient in the prone position demonstrates the contour of the barium filled stomach and duodenal bulb.

true

T/F The PA projection with the patient in the upright position shows the size, shape, and relative position of the barium filled stomach.

false

T/F A compression band may be placed across the patient's abdomen to immobilize the patient and reduce involuntary movement of the viscera

support the weight of the body with cushions and pads to keep stomach from pressing against the vertebrae

How should the prone position of the patient be adjusted to prevent the full weight of the abdomen from causing the stomach and duodenum to press against the vertebral column

Center over the midline of the grid a sagittal plane passing halfway between the vertebral column and the left lateral border of the abdomen

How should the patient's position be adjusted to center the stomach over the midline of the table for a PA projection

2 inches above the lower rib margin, at the level of L1-L2

When performing the PA projection on a prone patient, to what level of the patient should the IR be centered

3 to 6 inches lower than L1-L2

How should the centering of the IR be adjusted if the patient is repositioned from the prone position to the upright position

asthenic

With which body habitus does the greatest visceral movement occur between the prone position and the upright position

suspend respiration afer expiration

What breathing instructions should be given to the patient when making the exposure

perpendicular to the center of the IR

How and to where should the CR be directed for a RAO position

patient turns to the left

describe how the patient should be adjusted from the prone position to the RAO position

40-70 degrees

How many degrees should the patient be rotated form the prone position for a PA oblique projection

hypersthenic

Which type of body habitus requires the most rotation

true

T/F For the average patient, the PA oblique projection, RAO position, produces the best image of the pyloric canal and the duodenal bulb filled with barium

right and 45 degrees

The AP oblique projection, LPO position, requires the patient's _____ side be elevated away from the table _______ degrees