Exam 2 Terms (VM 105)

Acute

a sudden onset of symptoms, injury, or illness

Analgesia

pain relief, defined as the inability to feel pain or reduction of pain sensation without losing consciousness

• Prefix: an- (meaning "without," "not," or "lack of")

• Root/Suffix: -algesia (meaning "sensitivity to pain" or "pain")

Anemia

Without blood or lack of blood

• An- (Prefix): Greek for "not," "without," or "lack of".

• -emia (Suffix): Greek for "blood condition"

Anesthesiologist

doctor specializing in anesthesia

Angiogram

A diagnostic imaging test to visualize blood flow inside arteries, veins, or the heart chambers

• Angio- (Root): From the Greek angeion, meaning "vessel" (referring to blood or lymph vessels).

• -gram (Suffix): Refers to the actual image or record produced, such as in angiogram

• -graphy (Suffix): Refers to the process of recording or imaging, such as in angiography

Anorexia

loss of appetite; without appetite; lack of desire for food

• An- (Greek prefix): Indicates deprivation, absence, or lack.

• -orexia (Greek orexis): Means longing, desire, or appetite

Antipyretic

a medication that relieves or reduces fever

• Prefix (Anti-): Greek-derived, meaning "against," "counter to," or "opposite of".

• Root (Pyret/o): Greek-derived pyretos or pyr, meaning "fever" or "fire".

• Suffix (-ic): Pertaining to, or a substance that causes a specific effect.

Aplasia

failure of an organ, tissue, or body part to develop or function properly; “without formation”; “failure to develop”

• A- (Prefix): Means "not," "without," or "lack of".

• -plasia (Suffix/Root): Derived from Greek, meaning "formation," "development," or "growth"

Apnea

temporary cessation of breathing, lasting at least 10-20 seconds; without breathing

• Root (pnea): Derived from the Greek pnein or pnoia, meaning "breath" or "breathing".

• Prefix (a-): Greek prefix meaning "without," "not," or "absent."

Asymptomatic

Having or showing no symptoms of a disease or medical condition, despite being infected or having the illness

• A-: A Greek/Latin prefix meaning "not," "away from," or "without".

• Symptom: A sign or indication of a disease, originating from the Greek sýmptōma ("occurrence" or "that which falls together").

• -atic: Suffix used to form an adjective, meaning "relating to"

atrophy

without nourishment, or “not growing”; wasting, shrinking, or decrease in size of body cells, tissues, or organs often caused by disease, lack of use, malnutrition, or nerve damage

• Prefix: a- (meaning no, not, or without)

• Root/Suffix: -trophy (meaning nutrition, nourishment, or growth)

Bradycardia

Condition of a slow heart; an abnormally slow heart rate

• Prefix: brady- (from Greek bradys) — meaning slow.

• Root Word: -card/i/o- (from Greek kardia) — meaning heart.

• Suffix: -ia — meaning a condition

Bradypnea

abnormally slow breathing rate

• Brady- (Prefix): Derived from the Greek bradys, meaning slow.

• -pnea (Suffix): Derived from the Greek pnoia, meaning breath or breathing

Cardiorrhexis

rupture of the heart muscle

• Cardi/o (Root): Refers to the heart.

• -rrhexis (Suffix): Means rupture, bursting, or tearing

Chondrodysplasia

abnormally developed cartilage leading to improper bone formation

• Chondr/o (Root): Refers to cartilage.

• Dys- (Prefix): Means difficult, painful, abnormal, or disordered.

• -plasia (Suffix): Refers to development, growth, or formation

Chronic

long-lasting health issues, typically persisting for one year or more

Cyanoderma

bluish colored skin

• Cyan/o (Combining Form/Prefix): Derived from the Greek kyanos, meaning "dark blue".

• -derma (Suffix): Refers to "skin"

Cystorrhexis

rupture of the urinary bladder

• Cyst/o (Combining Form): Refers to the bladder or a sac/cyst.

• -rrhexis (Suffix): Means rupture or tearing

Defibrillation

removal or reversal of fibrillation; medical procedure that delivers a high-energy, asynchronous electrical shock to the heart, depolarizing the myocardium to terminate lethal arrhythmias

• De- (prefix): Away from, reversal, or removal of.

• Fibrillation (root): Rapid, uncoordinated quivering of heart muscle fibers.

Diagnosis

identification of a disease or condition through evaluation of symptoms and signs

• Prefix: Indicates number, size, location, or color (e.g., hyper- means excessive, brady- means slow).

• Root: The subject of the word, often a body part (e.g., cardi = heart, nephr = kidney).

• Suffix: Describes the condition, disease, or procedure (e.g., -itis = inflammation, -ectomy = removal)

Dyspnea

shortness of breath, breathing difficulty, or uncomfortable awareness of breathing

Dysplasia

abnormal development/growth (of cells or tissues)

• Dys- (prefix): Means abnormal, difficult, bad, or disordered.

• -plasia (suffix): Means formation, development, or growth

Edema

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues

Embolism

a sudden blockage of a blood vessel by a traveling foreign object (ex: blood clot, fat, air, or tumor tissue)

• Root Word: Embol- (from Greek embolos, meaning "stopper" or "plug").

• Suffix: -ism (meaning "process" or "condition")

Embolus

a traveling foreign material that breaks off from its origin which travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel causing a sudden blockage

Emesis

medical term for vomiting; the expulsion of gastric consents via involuntary muscular contractions

• Root/Origin: Derived from the Greek emein, meaning "to vomit".

• Suffix Usage (-emesis): Indicates a condition of vomiting

Generalized

a condition, symptom, or procedure that is spread throughout, or affects the entire body rather than one specific area

Hematemesis

vomiting blood; bleeding of the upper GI tract which includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, or small intestine

• Hemat/o-: A Greek-derived combining form meaning blood.

• -emesis: A suffix derived from Greek meaning vomiting

Hyperesthesia

abnormal increased sensitivity to stimulation caused by nerve disfunction

• Hyper-: Prefix meaning excessive, increased, or above normal.

• -esthesia: Suffix meaning sensation, feeling, or perception

Hyperpnea

excessive breathing; deeper and sometimes faster breathing than normal

• Hyper- (Prefix): Meaning over, excessive, or increased.

• -pnea (Suffix): Meaning breath or breathing

Hyperpyrexia

excessive or extreme fever which exceeds 106 F

• Term: Hyperpyrexia

• Root 1: Hyper- (Greek: ὑπέρ) meaning over, above, or excessive.

• Root 2: -pyrexia (Greek: πυρετός) meaning fever or fire

Hypoesthesia

partial numbness, reduction, or loss of sensitivity to sensations like touch, temperature, or vibration, often caused by nerve damage or restricted blood flow

• Hypo- (Prefix): From Greek hupo, meaning "below," "under," or "deficient".

• -esthesia (Suffix): From Greek aisthēsis, meaning "sensation," "feeling," or "perception".

Hypoplasia

incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, resulting from below-average number of cells

• Hypo- (Prefix): Means below, under, or less than normal.

• -plasia (Suffix): Refers to formation, growth, or development.

Hypothermia

the body’s core temperature drops below 95 F, caused by losing heat faster than it can be produced

• Hypo- (Prefix): Greek for "below," "under," or "deficient".

• -therm (Root): Greek therme for "heat" or "temperature".

• -ia (Suffix): Greek noun-forming suffix denoting a state or condition

Hysterorrhexis

rupturing or tearing of the uterine wall, often occurring during pregnancy or childbirth

• Hystero- (Prefix): Refers to the uterus, womb, or related to the uterus.

• -rrhexis (Suffix): Refers to the rupture, tearing, or bursting of an organ or vessel

Leukocyte

white blood cells (WBC)

Lithotripsy

procedure that breaks down kidney stones, bladder stones, or ureteral stones into smaller, passable fragments

• Lith/o-: Combining form meaning "stone" or "calculus".

• -tripsy: Suffix meaning "crushing" or "breaking"

Localized

a disease, infection, or symptom confined to a specific part of the body, organ, or tissue

Macrocephalus

abnormally large head size

• Macro- (Prefix): Meaning large, long, or great.

• -cephaly (Suffix): Derived from the Greek kephalē, meaning head or brain

Macrocyte

abnormally large red blood cell, often indicating underlying nutritional deficiencies, liver disease, or bone marrow issues

• Macro- (Prefix): From Greek makros, meaning "large" or "long".

• -cyte (Suffix): From Greek kytos, meaning "cell"

Malaise

a generalized sense of being unwell, sluggish, or not feeling “right”

Melanocarcinoma

malignant tumor arising from pigment-producing cells; older term for melanoma

• Melan- / Melano-: Refers to black or dark pigment (derived from the Greek melas), specifically referring to melanin, the pigment produced by skin cells.

• -carcinoma: A malignant tumor that begins in the epithelial tissue (skin or tissues lining organs)

Micrometer

A unit used to measure microscopic, minute distances, frequently utilized in histology and microbiology to quantify cell sizes

• Micro- (Prefix): Derived from Greek mikros, meaning small.

• -meter (Suffix/Root): Derived from Greek metron, meaning measure.

Morbidity

the condition of being diseased or the incidence of disease in a specific population.

Mortality

the state of being subject to death; clinical meetings where vets discuss adverse patient outcomes to improve care

Nausea

a sensation of queasiness or sickness, signaling impending vomiting, often resulting in reduced appetite and behavioral changes

Neuromyelitis

an inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting the CNS, specifically targeting the optic nerves and spinal cord

• Neuro- (Greek): Pertaining to nerves or the nervous system.

• Myel- (Greek): Pertaining to the spinal cord or bone marrow.

• -itis (Greek): Suffix indicating inflammation.

Neurotripsy

surgical procedure involving the crushing or breaking apart of a nerve to relieve pain, induce paralysis, or encourage reinnervation

• Neuro- (Prefix): Refers to nerves or the nervous system.

• -tripsy (Suffix): Refers to the surgical crushing, friction, or breaking apart of a structure

Palliative

care that enables pets to live comfortably, maintaining the human-animal bond, and can transition into hospice care as the animal approaches the end of life.

Paroxysmal

sudden involuntary episodic movement disorders where animals experience temporary spasms, cramping, or abnormal movements while remaining fully conscious and aware

Peripheral

structures located away from the center of the body, towards the extremities, or away from the CNS

• Etymology: Derived from Greek peripheria, from peri- (around) + pherein (to bear/carry).

• Context: Frequently used in "peripheral nervous system" (nerves outside the brain/spinal cord) or "peripheral IV catheter" (line in a limb vein).

Phlebitis

inflammation of a vein, typically a superficial vein, often characterized by localized warmth, swelling, pain, and a hardened cord-like appearance

• Etymology: From Greek phleps (vein) + -itis (inflammation)

Polyarthritis

inflammation of multiple joints simultaneously

• Poly-: Greek prefix meaning "many" or "much".

• Arth-: Greek root referring to a "joint".

• -itis: Suffix indicating "inflammation"

Polyuria

the production and excretion or abnormally large volumes of urine, resulting in increased urinary accidents or frequency

• Poly- (Prefix): Meaning much, many, or excessive.

• -ur- (Root): Referring to urine or the urinary system.

• -ia (Suffix): Meaning a condition or state of.

Prodromal

early stage of a disease characterized by the apperance of initial, non-specific symptoms before the onset of more severe, diagnostic-specific clinical signs

Prognosis

the likely outcome, progression, and recovery chances of a disease or injury based on a patient’s symptoms and history

• Pro- (Prefix): Means "before" or "in front of".

• -gnosis (Root): Refers to "knowledge" or "to know"

Prophylactic

an action, medication, or treatment designed to prevent the onset of a disease or condition

Symptom

observable, objective manifestations of illness, such as vomiting, lethargy, or coughing

Symptomatic

displaying observable signs of illness, often used interchangeably with the term clinical

Syndrome

a collection of clinical signs, symptoms, and behaviors occurring together to indicate a specific disease or condition

Systemic

diseases affecting multiple organ systems simultaneously rather than a single site

Tachycardia

abnormally high heart rate

• Tachy- (prefix): From Greek tachys, meaning rapid, fast, or accelerated.

• -cardia (suffix): From Greek kardia, referring to the heart

Tachypnea

increased respiratory rate often occurring with or without respiratory distress

• Tachy- (Prefix): Derived from Greek, meaning fast, rapid, or swift.

• -pnea (Suffix): Derived from Greek, meaning breath or breathing

Thrombosis

the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel or heart chamber causing partial or complete obstruction of blood flow

• Thromb/o: Blood clot.

• -osis: Abnormal condition or process

Thrombus

a blood clot formed within a blood vessel or the heart that obstructs blood flow

Tinnitus

the perception of sound without an external acoustic source (ringing, buzzing, hissing, etc)

Benign

a condition, tumor, or growth that is not cancerous, does not invade nearby tissues, and does not spread to other parts of the body

Biopsy

a medical procedure involving the removal of a small piece of tissue, cells, or fluid from the body to be examined under a microscope by a pathologist

Circumocular

something located or occurring around the eye

• Circum- (Prefix): Derived from Latin, meaning "around," "about," or "surrounding".

• -ocular (Root): Derived from the Latin oculus, meaning "eye".

Cyst

a closed, sac-like pocket of tissue that can form anywhere in the body, including the skin, organs, and bones

Distal

situated farthest from the center of the body, the trunk, or the point of attachment

Dorsal

Pertaining to the back

• Root: Dors- (derived from Latin dorsum) — refers to the back or posterior.

• Suffix: -al — means "pertaining to" or "relating to"

Ectopic

a medical emergency where a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus

• Prefix: Ect- or ecto- comes from the Greek ektos, meaning "outside" or "out of place".

• Root: -top- comes from topos, meaning "place" or "location".

• Suffix: -ic means "pertaining to"

Endocranial

structures, spaces, or processes located within the cranium (skull)

• Endo- (Prefix): Derived from the Greek endon, meaning "within," "inside," or "inner".

• Cranial (Root/Suffix): Relating to the cranium, which is the skull, particularly the part enclosing the brain

Endocystoscopy

ultra-high-magnification endoscopic technique used in gastroenterology to visualize surface cellular structures in real-time at a microscopic level, essentially providing "virtual histology" or "optical biopsy" without needing to remove physical tissue

• Endo- (Inside): Refers to the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.

• Cyto- (Cell): Refers to the study of individual cells.

• -scopy (Viewing/Looking): The act of visual examination using a specialized instrument

Endogenous

originating or produced within an organism, tissue, or cell

• Endo- (Prefix): From Greek endon, meaning "within" or "inside".

• -genous (Suffix): From Greek gennes, meaning "producing," "originated," or "produced"

Epigastric

the upper-middle region of the abdomen, located directly below the ribcage and above the belly button, commonly associated with the stomach area

Hypodermic

Pertaining to under the skin

• Hypo- (Prefix): Greek for "under," "below," or "beneath".

• -dermic (Suffix/Root): Derived from Greek derma, meaning "skin"

Infiltration

the diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts in excess of the normal

Lateral

Situated on, or relating to, the side of the body or a body part, specifically away from the middle or center of the body

Lesion

an area of abnormal, damaged, or diseased tissue in the body

Lumbar

the lower back region of the body, situated between the diaphragm and the sacrum (tailbone)

Malignant

the presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to grow uncontrollably, invade nearby tissues, and spread to other parts of the body

Medial

Toward the middle or center of the body

Metastasis

the spread of cancer from its original location (primary tumor) to other, distant parts of the body

Neoplasm

an abnormal, excessive, and unregulated growth of tissue, commonly known as a tumor or, if malignant, cancer

Papilla

a small, nipple-like, or finger-like projection of tissue found in various areas of the body

Papilloma

a benign tumor that arises from an epithelial surface and usually grows in an outward, finger-like direction

Papules

a small, solid, raised skin lesion that is generally less than 1 centimeter

Polyp

an abnormal growth of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane, usually into a hollow body cavity like the colon, uterus, or nasal passage

Proximal

closer to the center of the body, the trunk, or the point of attachment to the body

Tumor

an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should, or do not die when they normally would

Ventral

pertaining to the front, belly side, or anterior surface of the body

Amniocentesis

procedure where a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed from the sac surrounding the fetus

• Amni/o (Combining Form): Refers to the amnion, the membrane surrounding the fetus, or amniotic fluid.

• -centesis (Suffix): Means a surgical puncture to drain or aspirate fluid.

• o (Combining Vowel): Connects the root amni to the suffix centesis

Amnion

the innermost membrane enveloping the fetus, containing amniotic fluid

Amniotic fluid

protective liquid contained within the amnion sac surrounding a developing fetus

• Amnion/Amnio-: Refers to the inner fetal membrane (amniotic sac) that holds the fetus and the fluid.

• -ic: Suffix meaning "pertaining to."

• Fluid: Liquid substance

Embryo

the early stage of development, arising from a fertilized egg (zygote) and undergoing rapid, specialized cell division (cleavage) before developing into a fetus

Endometrium

the innermost, mucus-membrane lining of the mammalian uterus that supports embryo implantation and development

• Endo- (Prefix): Greek for "inside" or "within".

• Metrium/Metra (Root): Greek for "uterus" or "womb"

Endometritis

inflammation or infection of the endometrium

• Endometr-: From endometrium, referring to the inner lining of the uterus

• -itis: Suffix indicating inflammation or infection

Fetus

refers to the unborn offspring in the later stages of development, specifically after the embryonic stage until birth