General Science Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of 100 question-and-answer flashcards covering scientific methods, properties of matter, density, biology, body systems, optics, machines, and water systems based on lecture notes.

What are the seven steps of the Scientific Method?

1. Question 2. Research 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect Data 6. Analyze 7. Conclusion

What is the Manipulated (Independent) variable?

The variable changed by the scientist.

What is the Responding (Dependent) variable?

The measured result of the experiment.

In an experiment, what are the Controlled variables?

The variables that are kept the same throughout.

On a graph, what does an upward slope indicate?

An increase.

On a graph, what does a flat line indicate?

No change.

Name the WHMIS symbols mentioned in the transcript.

Explosive, Flammable, Oxidizing, Corrosive, Toxic, Biohazard, Compressed Gas

Name the four HHPS symbols.

Explosive, Poisonous, Corrosive, Flammable

What is the first rule of the Particle Model of Matter?

Matter is made of particles.

According to the Particle Model, how do particles move when heated?

They move faster.

Which state of matter has a fixed shape and volume?

Solid

Which state of matter has a fixed volume but no fixed shape?

Liquid

Which state of matter has no fixed shape or volume?

Gas

What is the term for a state change from gas directly to solid?

Deposition

What is the term for a state change from solid directly to gas?

Sublimation

What is the definition of a Pure Substance?

A substance containing only one type of particle.

What is the difference between an Element and a Compound?

An element has one atom type; a compound has two or more elements chemically combined.

What is a Homogeneous mixture?

A mixture that is evenly mixed.

What is a Heterogeneous mixture?

A mixture that is unevenly mixed.

In a mixture, what is a Colloid?

A mixture where tiny particles stay mixed.

What is a Suspension?

A mixture where particles eventually settle.

What is a Mechanical mixture?

A mixture where the parts are visible.

In solubility, what is a Solute?

The substance that is dissolved.

In solubility, what is a Solvent?

The substance doing the dissolving.

Which substance is known as the Universal Solvent?

Water

What is the formula for Concentration?

$$Concentration = \frac{Solute}{Solution}$$

What does the process of Dilution involve?

Adding solvent to lower the concentration.

What does it mean for a solution to be Saturated?

It contains the maximum solute that can be dissolved.

What is a Supersaturated solution?

A solution that contains more solute than normally possible.

What three factors affect the rate of dissolving?

Stirring, heat, and smaller particle size.

On a solubility graph, what does a point below the line indicate?

Unsaturated

Define Viscosity.

Resistance to flow.

What is the relationship between viscosity and flow rate?

Higher viscosity results in a lower flow rate.

What is the formula for Density?

$$Density = \frac{Mass}{Volume}$$

Which state of matter typically has the lowest density?

Gas

What is the density exception regarding ice?

Ice is less dense than liquid water.

Define Buoyancy.

An upward force from a fluid.

Under what condition will an object float?

When the buoyant force is greater than the weight ($Buoyant Force > Weight$).

Under what condition will an object suspend in fluid?

When the buoyant force is equal to the weight.

How does a submarine change its density?

By using ballast tanks.

What is Archimedes Principle?

The buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced fluid.

What is the definition of a Fluid?

Anything that flows, such as water or air.

What is the formula for Pressure?

$$Pressure = \frac{Force}{Area}$$

What is the difference between Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems?

Hydraulic systems use liquid; Pneumatic systems use gas.

List the 7 Characteristics of Living Things.

1. Movement 2. Respiration 3. Sensitivity 4. Growth 5. Reproduction 6. Excretion 7. Nutrition

What is the difference between Structure and Function?

Structure is the body part; Function is the job.

What did Darwin's Finches show regarding adaptation?

Different beaks were adapted to different foods.

List the levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex.

$$\text{Cell} \rightarrow \text{Tissue} \rightarrow \text{Organ} \rightarrow \text{Organ System} \rightarrow \text{Organism}$$

What is the function of the Xylem?

Moves water.

What is the function of the Phloem?

Moves food/sugar.

What is a Unicellular organism?

An organism made of one cell, such as bacteria.

Why is multicellularity important for organisms?

It allows for the division of labour.

Which three organelles are found only in plant cells?

Cell wall, chloroplast, and a large vacuole.

What is the function of the Nucleus?

It acts as the control center.

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

To provide energy.

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

Protein production.

What is the function of the Chloroplast?

Photosynthesis.

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Packages materials.

What are the four types of Animal Tissues?

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous.

What are the three types of Plant Tissues?

Dermal, Ground, and Vascular.

Define Diffusion.

Movement from high to low concentration.

Define Osmosis.

The movement of water.

What is a Selectively Permeable membrane?

A membrane that allows some substances to pass but not others.

What is the difference between Passive and Active Transport?

Passive transport requires no energy; Active transport requires energy.

What happens to a cell in a Hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cell.

What organs make up the Digestive Organs pathway?

$$\text{Mouth} \rightarrow \text{Esophagus} \rightarrow \text{Stomach} \rightarrow \text{Small Intestine} \rightarrow \text{Large Intestine} \rightarrow \text{Rectum}$$

What are Enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Define Peristalsis.

Wave-like muscle contractions.

What is the pathway of Respiratory Organs?

$$\text{Nose} \rightarrow \text{Trachea} \rightarrow \text{Bronchi} \rightarrow \text{Lungs}$$

What happens when the Diaphragm contracts?

You inhale.

What occurs during Gas Exchange?

Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves.

List the three respiratory disorders mentioned.

Asthma, Bronchitis, and Pneumonia.

Compare the function of Arteries and Veins.

Arteries move blood away from the heart; Veins move it toward the heart.

What is the function of Capillaries?

They facilitate exchange.

What is the function of Platelets?

Blood clotting.

What are the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord.

What was Al-Haytham's contribution to optics?

 Vision comes from reflected light.

Who was the first person to observe microorganisms?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

What is the three-part Cell Theory?

1. All living things are made of cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of life 3. Cells come from existing cells

How is Magnification calculated?

$$Eyepiece \times Objective$$

Define Refraction.

The bending of light.

What is the difference between Transparent and Translucent?

Transparent allows light to pass through; Translucent allows some light to pass.

What is the difference between Concave and Convex mirrors?

Concave curves inward; Convex curves outward.

What does a Concave lens do to light?

It diverges light.

What does a Convex lens do to light?

It converges light.

What is the relationship between Wavelength and Frequency?

Short wavelength means high frequency.

What camera part is comparable to the Iris of an eye?

The aperture

What is Hyperopia and how is it corrected?

Farsightedness, corrected with a convex lens.

What was the first simple machine?

The lever

Where is the birthplace of technology?

Ancient civilizations, often Mesopotamia.

What is the formula for Work?

$$Work = Force \times Distance$$

What is the formula for Efficiency?

$$\frac{\text{Useful Output}}{\text{Input}} \times 100\%$$

List the six simple machines.

1. Lever 2. Pulley 3. Wheel & axle 4. Inclined plane 5. Wedge 6. Screw

What is the formula for Mechanical Advantage (MA)?

$$MA = \frac{\text{Output Force}}{\text{Input Force}}$$

How is the Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane calculated?

$$MA = \frac{Length}{Height}$$

What percentage of Earth's water is freshwater?

$$3\%$$

What is a Crevasse?

A deep crack in a glacier.

What are three erosion features caused by glaciers?

Striation, Cirque, and Arête.

Define Watershed.

An area of land that drains into the same body of water.

What are Bioindicator Species?

Organisms that show the health of an ecosystem.