AP2 - lecture 9 - anatomy of the kidneys and adrenal glands

kidney's are beneath floating ribs ___ and ___

11 and 12

what kidney is higher

left

kidney location: ___-____ --- in the posterior body wall

retro-peritoneal

what cap the superior-medial border of kidneys

adrenal glands

___ ____: inward extensions of cortical tissue between medullary pyramids

renal columns

90% of blood passing through kidneys is in

cortex

___ __ ____ = number of medullary pyramids (usually 8-10)

number of lobes

___ ____ = medullary ray with surrounding cortical material

renal lobule

___ ____ are in the cortex and represent aggregations of straight and collecting tubules

medullary rays

___ ____ - collecting tubes that channel urine from the renal papillae to the renal pelvis and ureter

renal calices

collecting ducts perforate the tip of the medullary pyramid in a region called the

renal papilla

____ ____ contribute long tubule to the loop of Henle that extend to the papillae

juxtamedullary nephrons

____ is everything up to collecting duct

nephron

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli (glomeruli closest to the medulla) give rise to ____ capillaries (like arterioles from other glomeruli & vasa recta)

peritubular

what are straight, long capillaries

vasa recta

what also gives rise to vasa recta

arcuate arteries

urea is a breakdown product of ___ and ____ metabolism

protein and ammonia

____ is a breakdown product of creatine in muscle

creatinine

____ ___ > ~180mg% will spill into the urine

plasma glucose

what is produced by peritubular capillary endothelium; released in response to hypoxia

erythropoietin

what stimulates angiotensin system that restores low blood pressure to normal

renin

what monitors fluid in tubular lumen in juxtaglomerular apparatus

macula densa of distal convoluted tubule

what transmit information from macula densa to granular cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus

extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)

what is modified smooth muscle cells with epithelioid appearance located in afferent arteriole close to glomerulus in juxtaglomerular apparatus (also synthesize the enzyme renin)

granular (juxtaglomerular or JG) cellsq

embryology of kidney: develops into nephrons and portion of the collecting ducts; all other parts derived from

ureteric bud

what is bilateral, progressive cystic dilation of tubules

polycystic kidney disease

there is an association between polycystic kidney disease and blepharochalasis because it has

similar embryogenic stages -- 7th to 10th week

constrictions prevent backflow of urine from bladder to

kidney

what is the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the bladder

detrusor

what is the smooth muscle in the bladder controlled by

S2-S4 pelvic nerves

____ ___ cause contraction of detrusor and relaxationof the internal sphincter, resulting in urination

parasympathetic nerves

____ ____ (___) carry sympathetic nerves that stop urination by promoting detrusor relaxation and internal sphincter contraction

hypogastric nerves (T10-T12)

the ____ ____ ___(____) innervate striated muscle of the pelvic floor and the external sphincter

somatic pudendal nerves

____ lined by transitional epithelium

lumen

____: loss of bladder control, more common in women

incontinence

___ ____ ____/____: constant urge to urinate

benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

male urethra travels through

prostate

___ ___: triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis or anterior uveitis, and urethritis

reactive arthritis

____ ___ innervated by preganglionic sympathetic nerves

adrenal medulla

what zone in the adrenal gland has mineralocoticoids

zona glomerulosa

what zone in the adrenal gland has mostly glucocorticoids

zona fasciculata

what zone in the adrenal glands has mostly androgens

zona reticularis