and still we rise study guide

What was the inspiration behind the title "And Still We Rise"?

Maya Angelou's poem "And Still I Rise"

When did the history of Black people in Alberta begin?

during the fur trade era

What did black canadians arrive as during the fur trade era?

- individual pioneers

- accompanying traders and surveyors

When was the fur trade era?

18th and 19th century

When did advertisements promoting "free" homesteads appear in newspapers?

- early 1900s

- appeared in publications in American South Black communities

Why did Black families immigrate to Western Canada?

- to escape discrimination, segregation laws, and voter disenfranchisement

What were the four main rural Albertan communities Black families settled in?

- junkins

- keystone

- campsie

- pine creek

- Edmonton and Calgary became home to growing Black populations

What establishments were set up after settlement?

- churches

- schools (in some cases)

What event sped up the slow drift from rural Black settlements to cities/towns?

- the Depression

- was for economic opportunities

What economic opportunities arose from the move from rural to urban centers?

- increased number of men working the railways

When did the composition of Black communities in cities change?

- after WWII

- athletes from US, Caribbean women (Domestic Workers Scheme), "meritorious" Black individuals moved to Alberta

What organizations were pivotal in bringing about change?

- Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

- Alberta Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

When and what was the result of the successful fight for changes in discriminatory immigration laws/practices?

- 1962 and 1967

- more Black peoples from Caribbean and African countries could settle and become Canadian citizens

Who was the first Black woman to go to the legal bar in Canada? (first Black woman lawyer)

- Violet King

Who researched and developed the exhibition?

Dr. Jennifer Kelly

Arrival in the NWT was part of a broader project for what?

- resource extraction

- displacing Indigenous groups from land

- creating a white settler society

What was work in the NWT based on?

- hunting and trapping

- developing dominance in working relationships with existing Indigenous communities

What did Black people who arrived in the 20th century work on?

- changing use of Indigenous land into cities, towns, farms, ranches

Which family was one of the earliest in southern Alberta?

- Lewis family

When did the Lewis family arrive to Alberta?

- 1889

Where did the Lewis family live in 1903?

- Vulcan

What was Daniel Lewis? Where was he born? Where did he live?

- carpenter and Baptist

- born in US

- lived in Ontario before moving to NWT

Where was Charlotte Lewis born?

- Nova Scotia

Describe the biography of David Mills.

- born April 13, 1855

- lived in Indigenous and white societies

- born to Henry Mills (Black American) and Phillis (Kainai)

Why did Henry Mills come to NWT?

- work in fur trade

What Indigenous name was David Mills given?

- pikanistum'ik

What year did the Indian Agent appoint David Mills? What was he appointed as?

- 1880

- appointed as an interpreter

Who was Annie Saunders?

- nanny to children of North West Mounted Police Colonel James Macleod

- born in US in 1836

- began working for Macleod family in 1877 (Fort Macleod)

- was a "cook" in Bow River area

Who was John Ware? What were his accomplishments

- rancher who migrated to Alberta from US

- brought steer roping to Alberta

- facilitated early version of Calgary stampede

- married Mildred Lewis in 1892

Who was George Williams?

- Jamaican cobbler and amateur photographer

- died in Innisfail 1903

Who was Tom Spencer?

- trapper and labourer

- lived in Millarville

Who was William Darby?

- cook at Imperial Hotel

- married Mary Lewis

- lived in Vulcan w/ family

Who was Henry Stewart?

- business owner

- arrived in 1889

Where did Black immigrants live before Alberta?

- Oklahoma Territory along Five Civilized Tribes

Who were the Five Civilized Tribes?

- Cherokee

- Creek

- Seminole

- Chickasaw

- Choctaw

Why did many Black Americans want to leave the US?

- mob lynching, racism, burning of towns and businesses

- ads promoting 160 acres for $10

What was pine creek renamed as?

Amber Valley

Which rural community was the largest and most well-known?

- Amber Valley

Which rural community had a significant number of Black pioneers?

Junkins

What % of early Black arrivals were located in urban areas?

- 30%, according to 1911 census

- 72 (Calgary), 208 (Edmonton)

In 1921, what were the census results for the Black population?

66 in Calgary

277 in Edmonton

74% of American-born Black people gained citizenship

When did the first group of Black migrants arrive in Junkins?

- April 1908

- seven families present

What buildings did Breton organize?

- Good Hope Baptist Church

- Funnell School

What buildings did Junkins organize?

- Grace A.M.E. Church

- Empyreum School

Who were Mr. George & Mrs. Alice Cromwell?

- taught full time at Toles School in Amber Valley (1918/19 - late 1940s/early 1950s)

- college-educated from Ontario

- Mrs. Cromwell chose Amber Valley to replace pine creek (1930s)

Why was Amber Valley the name?

- the grain was golden (amber in colour)

What was an important occupation for Black pioneers in the rural communities?

farming

- construction/meatpacking in winter

Who led the all-male group that left Oklahoma in 1910?

- Jordan Murphy (Chandler City)

- Nim Toles (Clearview)

What is racialization?

term recognizing race as a social construct

- emphasizes active construction of race

Who reached the geographic North Pole in 1909?

Matthew Henson

What were "unofficial" ways to prevent Black immigration?

- seeking US Black religious leaders to campaign against immigration

- cold climate and lack of familiar foods

- not forwarding info on Canada

Who was denied entry to front row seats at the Sherman Grand Theatre in 1914? What happened after?

- Charles Daniels

- directed to the "Colored's Section" on balcony

What occurred in 1920?

- four families moved into Victoria Park, Calgary (previously all-White)

When did the No. 2 Construction Battalion enlist men from all over Canada?

- July 5, 1916

What was "Our Negro Citizens" (ONC)?

- weekly column in Edmonton Journal and Edmonton Bulletin (early 1920s)

Where were the columns placed by?

- religion section & other news items

What did the ONC report?

- social activities (weddings, church meetings, dining, entertainment)

- fundraising

- political elections

- lectures given by people within/outside community

Why did WRT Romain move to Junkins in the late 1930s?

economic conditions

What did the ONC column illustrate?

- how Africans were able to live active lives similar to their White counterparts

Who was Rev. George W. Slater Jr?

pastor of the Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal (EAME)

- complier of ONC

- American born, dedicated to missionary work

Where was Rev. Slater educated at?

AME Wilberforce University

What were the two Black churches in Edmonton in the 1920s?

- Methodist Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal

- Shiloh Baptist Church

Who was Ruby Sneed?

pianist and music educator

Who did Ruby Sneed complete her classical piano training with?

Jean Coulthard and Jan Cherniavsky (early 1940s)

What projects was Ruby involved with?

"The Promised Land" in 1963

What did Ruby Sneed establish?

the first Canadian Suzuki piano program at the Community Music School of Greater Vancouver (CMSGV)

Who succeeded Mr. Ira Day as trustee of the Emannuel AME Church

Mr. Shirley Oliver

What was the Woman's Christian Temperance Union?

- temperance organization against alcohol and how it could damage a family

What was an example of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union?

the Phylis Wheatley group

What was the objective of the Negro Political Association (NPA)?

to study political principles and tenets of political parties

- legislative measures

- political propositions

Who was Lulu Anderson?

- member of EAME church who sued Metropolitan Theatre after being denied entry to watch a film

What occurred in July 1924?

- attempt to exclude Black citizens from Borden, Oliver, and Queen Elizabeth swimming pools

Who opened her own needlework shop?

Mrs. Richard Proctor

Who had their own dressmaking store?

Mrs. Anna Bell

Who owned hand laundry?

Mrs. Russell and Mrs. McCathrone

When did Black sports personalities begin to gain celebrity status?

1950s

What jobs became possible by the 1960s?

- transit bus driver

- firefighter

When was Ted King a porter?

1946-1953

When was Ted King the President of the Alberta Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (AAACP)?

1958 - 1961

When was the Alberta Association Advancement Coloured People (AAACP) formed?

- 1950s in Calgary

Who was the grievance officer for the AAACP?

Mojo Williams, starting late 1960s

Who were Sleeping Car Porters?

- individuals who stretched the boundaries of human rights for all traditionally marginalized Canadians

What is the BSCP? Its purpose?

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

- promoting equity and supporting educational achievements in the community

Who was the president of the Calgary BSCP?

Brother Odell Holmes

Who was the 1st vice president of the Calgary BSCP?

Brother Alex Kay

Who was the 2nd vice president of the Calgary BSCP?

Brother Coleman

Who was the Secretary-Treasurer of the Calgary BSCP?

Brother Roy Williams

Who gave Violet King a gift?

A. Philip Randolph

What did A. Philip Randolph encourage the development of?

the Canadian Society for the Advancement of Coloured People

Where did most Caribbean women live when they came to Canada?

YWCA

What did the West Indian Domestic Scheme allow for?

Allowed single women to immigrate to Canada as skilled immigrants filling up job shortages.

What change in immigration policy occurred in 1967?

introduction of a points system based on education, language fluency, and job skills

Who was associated with the Edmonton Caribbean Cultural Association and its newspaper the Communicant?

Andy Edwards

How many Caribbean teachers settled in AB (estimate)?

up to 70

What is issued as a permit to teach?

Letter of Standing