2010 Previous Exam questions

Where are T-cells programmed

Thymus

What is the carrier for oxygen in vertebtrate RBCs

Hemoglobin, which can hold 4 molecules of Oxygen

The iron in function mammalian molecules of this carrier are in the state

Fe²⁺/ferrous

Many invertebrates use an oxygen carrier that is based on what metal

copper

The oxygen carrying molecule in mammals actually has a higher affinity for —- than for —-

Higherr for Carbon monoxide than for oxygen

Where does breakdown of RBC occur and the breakdown products

Primarily in the spleen

Include Iron and the amino acids from the globin fraction

Where do the breakdown prodcuts of heme travel too

to the liver attached to albumen where they are removed and added to the bile that enters the small intestine

What is the neurotransmittor at the NMJ

Ach

The neurotransmitter crosses the neuromuscular junction abd binds to —— receptors

nicotonic

What happens when ACH binds to the nicotinic receptors

and end plate potental (EPP) is developed that reaches TP and initiates an AP that spreads over the sarcolemma

If a skeletal muscle does not have adequate oxygen to metabolize pyruvic acid via the Kreb’s cycle, then it is shunted to…

Lactic acid and becomes known as the O2 debt, which must be repaid when the cell becomes less active

What is the skeletal muscle reservoir for glucose

Glycogen

Where are platlets produced

Bone marrow

Color of “escape” muscles in fish

White

What is the heaviest myofilament in skeletal muscle

Myosin

what ion is involved in blood clooting and troponin binding

Ca²⁺

What protein converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Thrombin

What protein involved in lysis of a fibrin clot

Plasmin

What is the process of TREPPE

cold muscle warming up ad becoming more functional

igG fab and FC segments

2 fab and 1 Fc segment

Where do chicks and cows recieve antibodies from their mothers from

Chicks: Yolk

Calves: colostrum/first milk

True or False: When a RBC is broken down, the Hb remains intact & its recycld into a new RBC

False: The Hb does not remain intact

True or False: Plasma cells are antibody-producing cells

True

True or False: the primary immune response is faster than the secondary immune reponse

False

True or False bulls have hgiher hematocrit than steers

True

males > females

True or false: There is 1:1 transmission at the synpase and nMJ

False

Where do abbductors pull a limb towards

Away from the midline of the body

Work is done in an —— contraction

Isotonic

What type of blood cell increase in parasitic infections

eosinophils

What surrounds an entire skeletal muscle

epimysium

What is plasma

fluid from unclotted blood

What is the muscle protein with the highest affinity for calcium

troponin

What is the storage form for phosphate bonds in skeletal muscle

Creatine

True or false: Streching a muscle will result in the generation of more tension

False

What is growth in skeletal muscle usually due to

hypertrophy

True or False: Myoblasts are mutinucleated

False. Myoblasts are uninucleated cells that fuse to form multinucleated muscle fibers.

What can happen to ACH at the nMJ

Be broken down/destroyed

Bind

Recycled

Reabosrped

Make sure you know to to label/draw a muscle fiber pic

• Z

• A

• H

• I

• M line

• Actin

• Myosin

….

where is vitamin B12 found

Intristic factors

where is calcium found

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Na:K ration

3:2

AP in alpha MN to EPP ration

1:1

What type of cell is most likly to be an antigen presenting cell

Macrophage

Avergage span of RBC

100 days

During fetal development if a B cell recongizes an antigen it

undergoes apoptosis

Where is erthyhropoietin produced

Kidneys

Granulocytic WBC from most to least numerous

Most:

• Neutrophil

• Eosinophil

• Baseophil

Least: