Exam 4 Human Physiology

Where in the nephron is the largest fraction of filtered fluid reabsorbed?

 

Proximal tubule.

 

Ascending loop of Henle.

 

Descending loop of Henle.

 

Distal tubule.

 

Collecting duct.

Proximal tubule.

How will increasing blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries affect GFR?

 

Increase.

 

Decrease.

Increase.

Which of the following do the kidneys help regulate?

 

Extracellular fluid volume.

 

Blood pressure.

 

Extracellular fluid pH.

 

Blood oxygen carrying capacity.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

Cortical nephrons have the longest loops of henle.

 

True

 

False

False

Which of the following are TRUE regarding the kidney.

 

The kidneys receives a small proportion of the total cardiac output relative to their masses.

 

The functional unit of the kidney is called the renal pelvis.

 

Primary urine is formed when fluid is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule.

 

All glomerular capillaries are located in the renal medulla.

 

The segment of the nephron most responsible for the kidney's ability to produce a urine more concentrated than the plasma is the proximal tubule.

 

The vascular structure responsible for remove the reabsorbed solute and fluid out of the renal interstitium are called the peritubular capillaries.

Primary urine is formed when fluid is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule.

The vascular structure responsible for remove the reabsorbed solute and fluid out of the renal interstitium are called the peritubular capillaries.

All else being equal, how will increasing afferent arteriolar resistance affect GFR?

 

Increase.

 

Decrease.

 

No change.

Decrease.

All else being equal, how will increasing EFFERENT arteriolar resistance affect GFR?

 

Increase.

 

Decrease.

 

No change.

Increase.

With tubuloglomerular feedback, which of the following will occur in response to a sudden increase in GFR?

 

Increased flow of sodium across the macula densa cells.

 

Increased afferent arteriolar resistance.

 

Decreased filtration pressure.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following transport mechanisms are essential for secretion and absorption in the renal tubule?

 

Primary active transport.

 

Secondary active transport.

 

Facilitated diffusion.

 

Transcytosis.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

As plasma concentration of a solute increases, so will its filtration.

 

True

 

False

True

Which of the following occur beyond the renal threshold for glucose?

 

Glucose reabsorption increases.

 

An increase in glucose excretion.

 

A decrease in glucose filtration.

 

A decrease in glucose excretion.

An increase in glucose excretion.

Where does tubular secretion occur?

 

Proximal tubule.

 

Distal tubule.

 

Collecting duct.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following are TRUE about the interstitial osmotic gradient?

 

It is formed by cocurrent multiplication.

 

It is formed by countercurrent multiplication

 

It is essential for creating a urine that has a higher osmolarity than your other body fluids

 

It involves a higher osmolarity in the renal cortex compared to the renal medulla

 

The juxtamedullary nephrons are centrally important to its formation.

It is formed by countercurrent multiplication

 

It is essential for creating a urine that has a higher osmolarity than your other body fluids

The juxtamedullary nephrons are centrally important to its formation.

Which of the following are TRUE about countercurrent multiplication?

  

It involves the proximal tubule.

 

It requires that the descending limb of Henle be permeable only to water.

 

It requires that the ascending limb of Henle be impermeable to water

 

It requires large numbers of solute transporters in the descending limb of Henle, especially for the transport of Na, K, and Cl.

 

It requires countercurrent flow of tubular fluid.

It requires that the descending limb of Henle be permeable only to water.

 

It requires that the ascending limb of Henle be impermeable to water

It requires countercurrent flow of tubular fluid.

Which of the following is TRUE about urea?

 

It it recycled within the nephron to increase the medullary osmolarity

 

Urea transport in the proximal tubule is most important for urea retention in the kidney.

 

Urea "leaks" into the loop of Henle from the medullary interstitium

It it recycled within the nephron to increase the medullary osmolarity

 

Urea transport in the proximal tubule is most important for urea retention in the kidney.

 

Urea "leaks" into the loop of Henle from the medullary interstitium

Which of the following are TRUE about countercurrent flow of blood within the vasa recta of kidney?

 

It protects the medullary osmotic gradient.

 

It creates the medullary osmotic gradient

 

It removes the reabsorbed solute and fluid from the interstitium of the kidney

It protects the medullary osmotic gradient.

It removes the reabsorbed solute and fluid from the interstitium of the kidney

The wall of the urinary bladder is innervated by the somatic nervous system.

 

True

 

False

False

Which of the following occurs when the urinary bladder reaches fullness?

 

Inactivation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall.

 

Activation of sympathetic efferent fibers to the urinary bladder smooth muscle.

 

Closure of the internal sphincter.

 

Inhibition of the tonic somatic motor input to the external sphincter.

Inhibition of the tonic somatic motor input to the external sphincter.

Which of the following occur with extreme hypotension?

 

Decreased GFR.

 

Increased sympathetic tone to granular cells of the afferent arterioles.

 

Increased renin secretion.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following are ultimately caused by elevated angiotensin II levels?

 

Peripheral vasoconstriction.

 

Increased plasma vasopressin.

 

Increased plasma aldosterone.

 

Decreased heart rate

 

Decreased contractility

 

Increased Na+ excretion

 

Decreased urinary flow rate

Peripheral vasoconstriction.

 

Increased plasma vasopressin.

 

Increased plasma aldosterone. 

Decreased urinary flow rate

Which of the following are hormones?

 

Angiotensinogen

 

Renin

 

ACE

 

Angiotensin I

 

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin I

 

Angiotensin II

Which of the following are the strongest stimulates for aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?

 

Angiotensin I

 

Angiotensin II

 

Renin

 

Angiotensinogen

 

High blood K+

 

Low blood Na+

 

Low body fluid osmolarity

Angiotensin II

High blood K+

Which of the following are increased as a result of blood volume expansion?

 

ANPs

 

Na+ excretion

 

Renin

 

Angiotensin II

 

Vasopressin

 

Aldosterone

 

Sympathetic tone to the cardiovascular system

 

Parasympathetic tone to the SA node

ANPs

 

Na+ excretion

Parasympathetic tone to the SA node

Which of the following processes are required for proper GI physiological function?

 

Motility.

 

Secretion.

 

Digestion.

 

Absorption.

 

All of the above

All of the above

Which layer of the GI tract has direct contact with the gut contents?

 

Mucosa.

 

Submucosa.

 

Muscularis externa.

 

Serosa.

Mucosa.

Which portion of the GI tract is responsible for the largest volume of secreted fluid?

 

Salivary glands

 

Liver

 

Stomach

 

Pancreas

 

Intestines

Stomach

Which segment of the GI tract responsible for the majority of the absorbed substances?

 

Oral cavity

 

Stomach

 

Small intestine

 

Large Intestine

Small intestine

Which of the following is TRUE about fluid secretion.

 

Occurs everywhere in the GI tract.

 

Involves NCCK transporters on the basolateral side of the gut epithelial cells.

 

Involves Cl- fluxes through CFTR channels on the apical side of the epithelium.

 

Involves paracellular movement of water and Na+.

All are true:

Which of the following is TRUE about fluid secretion.

 

Occurs everywhere in the GI tract.

 

Involves NCCK transporters on the basolateral side of the gut epithelial cells.

 

Involves Cl- fluxes through CFTR channels on the apical side of the epithelium.

 

Involves paracellular movement of water and Na+.

Which motility pattern is most important for mixing of the gut contents?

 

Migrating motor complex.

 

Peristalsis.

 

Segmental contractions.

 

None of the above.

Segmental contractions.