Botany Final Flower and fruits , Pollination, and Plant psyilogy

At the cave in Iraq discussed in the chapter introduction, evidence of six species of medically important flowering plants were found at the burial site of an adult male. What was the evidence?

a. leaf remains
b. pollen in the soil
c. dried plants in a container
d. root portions in the soil

pollen in the soil

Which characteristic is not typical of flowering plants?

a. They have well-developed vascular systems.
b. They have larger leaves with more than one vein.
c. They produce one type of spore.
d. They usually lack roots.

They usually lack roots.

The results of double fertilization are

a. a zygote and endosperm.
b. a zygote and seed coat.
c. an egg cell and endosperm.
d. an egg cell and calyptra.

a zygote and endosperm.

If you genetically modified a plant to produce seeds in which the embryo had no cotyledons, what would you predict as the outcome?

a. The embryo would probably die of malnutrition.
b. The embryo would grow well by putting all its resources into leaf formation.
c. The embryo would live but only produce malformed leaves.
d. There would be no effect on plant growth

The embryo would probably die of malnutrition.

Recent molecular evidence shows that the angiosperms

a. are composed of totally unrelated groups.
b. are divided into two groups, monocots and dicots.
c. are entirely monophyletic.
d. have several distinct lineages.

have several distinct lineages.

Flowers are typically composed of

a. petals, sepals, carpels, stamens.
b. petals, calyx, carpels, stamens.
c. corolla, sepals, ovary, stamens.
d. All the above answers are correct.

All the above answers are correct.

Stamens function in

a. pollen reception.
b. pollen production and release.
c. pollen tube formation.
d. pollen collection.

pollen production and release.

Stigma, style, and ovary are sometimes referred to collectively as

a. androecium
b. calyx
c. pistil
d. integument

pistil

You find a species of tree bearing flowers that are composed of sepals, petals, and stamens. How would you describe this plant?

a. dioecious with imperfect flowers
b. monoecious with perfect flowers
c. monoecious with imperfect flowers
d. dioecious with perfect flowers

dioecious with imperfect flowers

If you examine an orchid flower from bottom to top, you will encounter a peduncle, an ovary, three sepals, three petals (one of which is much larger than the others), and a stamen. How would you describe this flower?

a. perfect, radially symmetric, with an inferior ovary
b. perfect, radially symmetric, with a superior ovary
c. imperfect, bilaterally symmetric, with a superior ovary
d. perfect, bilaterally symmetric, with an inferior ovary

perfect, bilaterally symmetric, with an inferior ovary

Whether flowers are solitary or grouped into inflorescences reflects adaptation to

a. soil moisture.
b. pollination mechanism.
c. endosperm type.
d. presence of calyx and corolla.

pollination mechanism

Often members of the Asteraceae have ray flowers that are sterile but have a bilaterally symmetric corolla with a strap-shaped extension. What function might these flowers have?

a. pollen reception
b. pollinator attraction
c. deterring predation
d. causing the inflorescence to move in the wind

pollinator attraction

The fact that shoot apical meristems convert from a vegetative state to a floral state is a reflection of

a. flowers having evolved from compressed fertile axes.
b. flowers having evolved from a complex branching system.
c. flowers being derived from a single leaf.
d. flowers having an origin in several independent groups.

flowers having evolved from compressed fertile axes.

You are genetically modifying roses to produce plants that have sepals, petals, and carpels but no stamens. You know that Class B genes control stamen development, so you produce plants that have Class B genes knocked out. Which flower parts would you expect in the resulting plants?

a. petals and carpels
b. sepals, petals, and carpels
c. sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
d. sepals and carpels

sepals and carpels

Because angiosperms produce microspores and megaspores they are called

a. homosporous
b. bicarpic
c. heterosporous
d. bipolar

heterosporous

What is the function of the pollen tube?

a. to carry two sperm nuclei to the stigma
b. to carry two sperm nuclei to the ovule
c. to carry a single sperm nucleus to the ovule
d. to protect the sperm nuclei from the harsh stylar environment

to carry two sperm nuclei to the ovule

The process in angiosperms where a sperm nucleus fuses with an egg cell and the other fuses with polar nuclei is called

a. double fertilization.
b. double pollination.
c. triple fusion.
d. triploid fertilization.

double fertilization.

You treat a typical self-compatible angiosperm with a chemical that disrupts meiosis and the plant produces 2N pollen. If the plant pollinates itself, what would you expect as the ploidy of the endosperm?

a. 6N
b. 5N
c. 4N
d. 3N

4N

What is the mechanism by which diplospory acts?

a. Mitosis fails resulting in a diploid egg and diploid polar nuclei.
b. Meiosis fails resulting in a diploid egg and diploid polar nuclei.
c. Meiosis occurs twice resulting in a diploid egg and diploid polar nuclei.
d. Meiosis fails resulting in a haploid egg and diploid polar nuclei.

Meiosis fails resulting in a diploid egg and diploid polar nuclei.

Dandelions are aggressive weeds largely because they are apomictic. Why?

a. They reproduce vegetatively.
b. They have lost the ability to reproduce sexually.
c. They can maintain hybrid vigor.
d. They can produce large numbers of seeds without relying on pollinators.

They can produce large numbers of seeds without relying on pollinators.

The diploid zygote undergoes mitosis to form

a. a suspensor.
b. primary endosperm nuclei.
c. a multicellular embryo.
d. a unicellular embryo.

a multicellular embryo.

Plant embryos go through several developmental stages during which

a. cotyledons form.
b. root and shoot apical meristems form.
c. primary meristems form.
d. all of the above

all of the above

Though the suspensor is absent at seed maturity, it is important during embryo development because

a. it provides the first cells of the shoot apex.
b. it organizes primary meristem delimitation.
c. it transfers nutrition to the developing embryo.
d. it produces secondary compounds that protect the embryo

it transfers nutrition to the developing embryo.

Why do seeds lose so much water at maturity?

a. Because the parent plant retrieves excess water.
b. Because the stalk connecting the ovule to the ovary wall is separated.
c. Because the parent plant dies just before the seeds mature.
d. Because fruits are shed before seeds mature.

Because the stalk connecting the ovule to the ovary wall is separated.

Which of the following structures do monocot and dicot embryos have in common?

a. radicle
b. scutellum
c. coleoptile
d. coleorhiza

Radicle

An accessory fruit is

a. an immature ovary with included floral parts.
b. a mature ovary.
c. a mature ovary with included floral parts.
d. fused petals and sepals.

a mature ovary with included floral parts.

You examine a microscope slide that has a section of a mature ovary composed of several fused carpels. You would classify the fruit as

a. multiple
b. simple
c. accessory
d. aggregate

simple

Hesperidiums, drupes, and pepos are examples of

a. dry, indehiscent fruits.
b. fleshy, indehiscent fruits.
c. fleshy, dehiscent fruits.
d. dry, dehiscent fruits.

fleshy, indehiscent fruits.

You are at a party where your friend is serving a bowl of “nuts.” You suspect that they are not nuts in the botanical sense. Which characteristics would allow you to determine their true nature?

a. dry versus fleshy
b. splitting along one versus two seams
c. dehiscent versus indehiscent
d. answers A and C

answers A and C

How could you determine whether a fruit is multiple or aggregate?

a. Look for a single versus multiple sets of petals and sepals.
b. Look for many carpels.
c. Look for the arrangement of carpels on the receptacle.
d. Measure the size of the carpels.

Look for the arrangement of carpels on the receptacle.

Why is germination immediately following dispersal rare in seeds from temperate regions?

a. Temperate seeds do not germinate until they have been exposed to warm temperatures.
b. Most seeds are dispersed at the end of the summer, just before it starts to get cold.
c. Temperate seeds take a long time to desiccate completely after dispersal.
d. There is no need for immediate germination because there is little competition for water and sunlight.

Most seeds are dispersed at the end of the summer, just before it starts to get cold.

What are the most important environmental factors influencing seed germination?

a. temperature, light, and water
b. temperature, water, and oxygen
c. light, water, and oxygen
d. oxygen, CO2, and light

temperature, water, and oxygen

Why do you think that the root is the first structure to emerge from the germinating seed?

a. Water is necessary to rehydrate the seed and reactivate the biochemical pathways for growth.
b. The stem and leaves are still absorbing nutrients from the endosperm.
c. It is the simplest organ and the least necessary.
d. It is the organ nearest the opening in the seed coat.

Water is necessary to rehydrate the seed and reactivate the biochemical pathways for growth.

Shoot tips are protected from abrasion during germination by the formation of a hook in the stem to draw the tip through the soil rather than pushing it. Why don’t roots grow in a similar way to protect the delicate root tips?

a. Plants produce many roots, and when the tip of one is abraded away, there are many others to take its place.
b. Root tips are tougher since they constantly push through soil.
c. Root tips are protected by the root

Root tips are protected by the root

What is meant by the term “hypogeous” when referring to seed germination?

a. The roots grow down toward the center of the Earth during germination.
b. The cotyledons remain buried in the soil during germination.
c. No matter which way a seed is oriented in the ground, the roots will always grow down.
d. The seed must be buried deeply for germination to occur

The cotyledons remain buried in the soil during germination.