Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 1

100 practice flashcards covering introductory concepts, terminology, levels of organization, homeostasis, and body regions from Chapter 1.

Panopto

A link on the Canvas page where lecture recordings are posted for student review.

Anatomy

The study that describes the structure of a body, including what structures are made of and where they are located.

Physiology

The study of function that explains what a body structure does.

Gross Anatomy

Also known as macroscopic anatomy, it concerns structures as seen with the naked eye.

Surface Anatomy

A subcategory of gross anatomy involving features on the surface of an object, such as its shape or color.

Regional Anatomy

The study of anatomy based on specific parts or regions of the body, such as the head and neck.

Systemic Anatomy

The study of the anatomy and relationships of various body systems, like the cardiovascular system.

Developmental Anatomy

The study of structural changes in an individual from conception to death.

Clinical Anatomy

The application of anatomical structures as they relate to patients seen in clinical practice.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of anatomy using a microscope to view structures too small to see with the naked eye.

Cytology

A subcomponent of microscopic anatomy that is the study of individual cells.

Histology

A subcomponent of microscopic anatomy that is the study of tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

One of the four main types of tissues that make up the entire human body.

Connective Tissue

One of the four main types of tissues that make up the entire human body.

Muscle Tissue

One of the four main types of tissues that make up the entire human body.

Nervous Tissue

One of the four main types of tissues that make up the entire human body.

Organ

A structure made up of two or more different tissues working together.

Organ Physiology

The study of the function of specific organs, such as the stomach or lungs.

Systemic Physiology

The study of the functioning of all organs that make up a single system.

Pathologic Physiology

The study of abnormal physiology that occurs because of a disease process.

Pathophysiology

An alternate term for pathologic physiology, describing physiology in a diseased state.

Chemical Level

The simplest level of complexity in an organism consisting of atoms and molecules like $H_2O$.

Organelle

Components of a cell, such as ribosomes or mitochondria, made by combinations of molecules.

Cellular Level

The level of organization where organelles are arranged into a functional cell.

Tissue Level

The level of organization where similar cells combine to form a specific tissue.

Organ Level

The level of organization where two or more tissues combine to form a structure such as a blood vessel.

Organ System Level

A level of organization where organs work together for a common activity, such as the digestive system.

Organism Level

The highest level of complexity, representing the entire human and its combined systems.

Number of Organ Systems

Human beings possess a total of $11$ organ systems.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable or constant internal environment within the body.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that are happening within the body.

Catabolism

A metabolic reaction that involves breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Anabolism

A metabolic reaction that involves building larger molecules from smaller components.

Exothermic Reaction

A chemical reaction that generates heat, which can damage structures if not managed by homeostasis.

Stimulus

A change in the environment, such as a drop in pH from $7$ to $6.9$.

Receptor

A homeostatic component that detects changes or stimuli in the environment.

Chemoreceptor

A specific type of receptor that detects chemical changes, such as ion concentrations.

Control Center

The memory bank or brains of a homeostatic process, usually the central nervous system.

Effector

A component that causes an activity or response to correct a deviation in homeostasis.

Negative Feedback

A homeostatic process where the stimulus and the response occur in opposite directions.

Positive Feedback

A homeostatic process where the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

Anatomical Position

A position where the individual stands erect, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart.

Supine

The position of a person laying down and facing upward.

Prone

The position of a person laying down and facing downward.

Supine (Hand)

The position of the hand when the palm is facing upward.

Prone (Hand)

The position of the hand when the palm is facing downward.

Pronation

The movement of the palm from facing upward to facing downward.

Supination

The movement of the palm from facing downward to facing upward.

Cephalic Region

The anatomical term identifying the head region.

Cervical Region

The anatomical term identifying the neck region.

Thoracic Region

The anatomical term identifying the chest area.

Abdominal Region

The anatomical term identifying the stomach area.

Femoral Region

The anatomical term for the front of the thigh.

Manual Region

The anatomical term identifying the hand.

Manus

An alternate anatomical name for the hand.

Pollux

The anatomical term for the thumb.

Hallux

The anatomical term for the big toe.

Pedal Region

The anatomical term identifying the foot.

Crural Region

The anatomical term for the front of the leg.

Leg (Anatomy)

The anatomical region extending specifically from the knee to the ankle.

Thigh (Anatomy)

The anatomical region extending specifically from the hip to the knee.

Forearm (Anatomy)

The anatomical region extending specifically from the elbow to the wrist.

Left Upper Quadrant

One of the four abdominal divisions, abbreviated as $LUQ$ based on the patient's perspective.

Right Upper Quadrant

One of the four abdominal divisions, abbreviated as $RUQ$ based on the patient's perspective.

Left Lower Quadrant

One of the four abdominal divisions, abbreviated as $LLQ$ based on the patient's perspective.

Right Lower Quadrant

One of the four abdominal divisions, abbreviated as $RLQ$ based on the patient's perspective.

Umbilical Region

The central section of the nine abdominal pelvic regions.

Epigastric Region

The nine abdominal pelvic region located superior to the umbilical region.

Hypogastric Region

The nine abdominal pelvic region located inferior to the umbilical region.

Hypochondriac Regions

The relative regions located to the left or right of the epigastric region.

Lumbar Regions

The relative regions located to the left or right of the umbilical region.

Inguinal Regions

The relative regions located to the left or right of the hypogastric region.

Midclavicular Lines

The two vertical lines used to divide the abdomen into nine regions, passing through the collarbones.

Subcostal Line

The superior horizontal line used to divide the abdomen into nine regions.

Transtubercular Line

The inferior horizontal line used to divide the abdomen into nine regions.

Anterior

A directional term meaning more towards the front of the body.

Posterior

A directional term meaning more towards the back of the body.

Superior

A directional term meaning more towards the top of the body.

Inferior

A directional term meaning more towards the bottom of the body.

Ventral

Belly side; equivalent to anterior in the normal anatomical position.

Dorsal

Back side; equivalent to posterior in the normal anatomical position.

Cranial (Directional)

Equivalent to superior in the normal anatomical position.

Caudal

Equivalent to inferior in the normal anatomical position.

Medial

A directional term meaning more towards the midline of the body.

Lateral

A directional term meaning more away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

A directional term meaning closer to the beginning of a structure or attachment point.

Distal

A directional term meaning further away from the beginning of a structure or attachment point.

Superficial

A directional term meaning more towards the surface of the body.

Deep

A directional term meaning further inside or away from the body surface.

Frontal Plane

Also known as the coronal plane, it divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Coronal Plane

Another term for the frontal plane.

Transverse Plane

Also known as the horizontal plane, it divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Horizontal Plane

Another term for the transverse plane.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right sections.

Midsagittal Plane

Also known as the median plane, it divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Median Plane

Another term for the midsagittal plane.

Dorsal Body Cavity

The body cavity containing the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Ventral Body Cavity

The body cavity containing the thoracic and abdominal pelvic regions, separated by the diaphragm.

Cranial Cavity

The subdivision of the dorsal body cavity that contains the brain.

Vertebral Cavity

The subdivision of the dorsal body cavity that contains the spinal cord.