Evidence Based Practice in OT

Process of evidence-based practice (5)

1. Form Q from problem

2. ID evidence

3. Eval evidence

4. Implement findings

5. Eval outcomes

Components of evidence-based practice (3)

1. Ext. science/evidence

2. Practitioners experience

3. Client situation/values

critically appraised paper

critiques & interprets research results

Types of questions (5)

1. Efficacy of intervention

2. Usefulness of assessment

3. Description of condition

4. Prediction of outcome

5. Lived client experience

PICO format

Population

Intervention

Control/comparison

Outcome

Sleep latency

time it takes to go physically to bed

Sleep onset

time to fall asleep starting when you are first trying to

Sleep maintenance

staying asleep

Evidence-based

using current best research to inform & guide treatment/practice

systematic review briefs

resource for treatment effectiveness

Level of evidence

quality of study (1 = great, 5 = expert opinion)

prevalence

the proportion of a population affected by a specific condition, disease, or attribute at a given time

Incidence

the rate at which new cases of a disease, event, or condition develop within a specific population during a defined period

The PICO format is most consistently applied to which type of research question?

Efficacy

Reliability

the consistency of a measure

Validity

The ability of a measure to assess what it’s intended to

Sensitivity

A test's ability to correctly identify those with the condition

Specificity

A test's ability to correctly identify those without the condition

What was the first year that sleep was mention as an occupational domain by AOTA, according to Dr. Spira?

2008

Which of the following would be considered a process of sleep, according to Dr. Spira?

Paying attention at school

How many cycles of sleep do we have each night?

 

4-6 cycles

According to Dr. Spira, which of the following is typically associated with sleep disturbance in children?

 

Sensory sensitivities

Literature Review

a general summary of the existing body of knowledge on a topic

• Purpose: provide background, identify themes, and summarize past findings

• Focus: Usually broader

• Format: Qualitative and narrative

Scoping Review

an exploratory assessment designed to map the size and scope of available research literature.

• Purpose: identify key concepts, examine emerging evidence, and clarify definitions.

Systematic Review

identify, appraise, and synthesize all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria.

• Purpose: answer a highly specific research question, often concerning the efficacy of an intervention or practice.

• Framework: Commonly structured around a PICO.

Meta-Analysis

a statistical technique used to synthesize the results of two or more independent studies.

• Purpose: increase statistical power and precision, allowing researchers to determine the overall effect size of an intervention or phenomenon.

• Format: Quantitative.

What are the three types of broad research designs?

Quantitative

Qualitative

Mixed methods

Survey: Statistical analysis (descriptive and/or inferential) is what broad kind of research

Quantitative

Which research method can utilize methods includong observations and interviews AND surveys?

Mixed methods

The intervention is what kind of variable

independent

what kind of variable is the outcome

dependent

The study design used when a researcher wants to evaluate the effect of an intervention on ONE group of participants who ALL receive the intervention and is tested at pre- and post-intervention is what type of design?

single arm

What is a narrative review of the literature

a review of literature that is based on an expert's summarization and recommendations about a specific topic

What is a Systematic Review of the Literature?

A review of the literature that is based on rigorous methods used to analyze and synthesize results of individual studies

What is the acronym for reporting data of systematic evidence reviews and meta-analyses

PRISMA

What is the primary focus of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses?

Reporting reviews that evaluate the effects of interventions

What statistical method is performed after a systematic review has been conducted (using pooled data from multiple research studies)?

Meta-Analysis

What is the primary focus of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses?

Reporting RCTs and intervention studies

RCT research type

experimental

Correlation research type

nonexperimental

pretest/posttest research type

experimental

group comparison research type

nonexperimental

Non-RCT research type

experimental

There are 250,000 to 400,000 people in the United States who are living with a spinal cord injury. This is an example of…

Prevalence

There are approximately 18,000 new cases of spinal cord injuries in the United States each year. This is an example of…

incidence

A survey study that uses a Likert Scale uses a

Quantitative Design

What is the measure of central tendency?

the location of the center of a distribution

What is the median?

the score value that divides the distribution into the lower and upper halves of the scores

What is the spread of scores in a distribution?

Variability

What is the amount of spread in the frequency distribution and the average amount of the deviation by which an individual score varies from the mean?

Standard Deviation

What type of statistics can we use to organize, summarize, and display data?

Descriptive

What type of statistics do we use to draw conclusions about a population based on our sample data? (The sample data is the data we collect from the participates in a study).

Inferential

In a ______ distribution, the mode is a lower score than the mean, and the

median falls between the mode and the mean.

Positively skewed

When participants improve because they were given attention in the study, this is

Hawthorne Effect

Participants complete grocery tasks within an OT clinic rather than a grocery store within the study examining function among those with arthritis. What is the threat to the external validity?

Poor Ecological Validity

A study that has a homogeneous sample, a strict protocol for administering the intervention, and expert intervention leaders has strong

Internal validity

A study that has a heterogeneous sample, a flexible protocol, and was conducted in a natural environment has strong

External validity