A+P Test Units 1-3

Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body

Anatomy

Study of the body by organ systems

Systemic anatomy

Study of the organization of the body by areas whereby all systems are studied simultaneously

Regional anatomy

Study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope

Gross anatomy

Study of structures that must be examined with the aid of a microscope

Microscopic anatomy

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Developmental anatomy

Studies changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development

Embryology

Study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures

Surface anatomy

The use of technologies such as x-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of internal anatomical structures

Anatomical imaging

Uses a microscope to examine the structural features of cells

Cytology

Uses a microscope to examine the structural features of tissues

Histology

Scientific discipline that investigates the process or functions of living organisms

Physiology

Examines the processes occurring in cells

Cell physiology

Medical science that examines all aspects of disease (cause, development, functional changes)

Pathology

Examines the functions of the organ systems

Systemic physiology

Examines the changes in structure and function that occur during exercise and as a result of exercise

Exercise physiology

Explain the importance of the relationship between structure and function

Structure is how something is built, shaped, or composed. Function is what it does, its purpose, or its behavior. Form dictates capability and physical properties determine what it can and cannot do

List the 6 levels of organization

1. Chemical

2. Cell

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Organism level

Describe what happens at the chemical level

Atoms combine to form molecules (water, sugar, fats, proteins, and DNA)

Describe what happens at a cellular level

Molecules combine to form organelles.

Define cell

Basic structural and functional units of all organism. Smallest that is capable of independent functioning

Define tissue

Cluster of cells within an organism that possess similar structure and function

Describe what happens at a tissue level

Similar cells and surrounding materials determine tissue function. Primary tissue types include epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Define organ

Differentiated structure composed of different tissues that perform one or more common functions

Describe what happens at an organ level

Different tissues combine to form organs. Ex: urinary bladder, heart, kidney

Define organ system

Group of organs classified as a unit due to a common function or set of functions

Describe what happens at an organ system level

Different organs make up specific organ system. Ex: urinary bladder and kidneys make up the urinary system

Identify the 11 organ systems

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

Describe the function and organs of the integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Describe the function and organs of the skeletal system

Provides protection/support, allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

Describe the function and organs of the muscular system

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles

Describe the function and organs of the nervous system

Regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Describe the function and organs of the endocrine system

Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands that secrete hormones

Describe the function and organs of the lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

Describe the function and organs of the respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air. Regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

Describe the function and organs of the digestive system

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption, and elimination. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Describe the function and organs of the urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

Describe the function and organs of the reproductive system

Produces proper sex hormones and gametes. Consists of testes, ovaries, uterus, penis, vagina, etc.

Define organism

Self-sustaining individual living system

Describe what happens at an organism level

organ systems make up an organism. Human is a complex of organs that are mutually dependent on one another

List the 6 characteristics of life

1. organization

2. Metabolism

3. Responsiveness

4. Growth

5. Development

6. Reproduction

Describe organization relating to characteristics of life

All parts of an organism have specific relationships with one another and interact to perform specific functions. Disruption of this state can result in loss of functions and death

Describe metabolism relating to characteristics of life

Sum of physical and chemical changes taking place in an organism. Vital for functions such as responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction

Describe responsiveness relating to characteristics of life

Ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and make adjustments that help maintain its life

Describe growth relating to characteristics of life

Increase in size of all or part of the organism. Result from increase in cell number, size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

Describe development relating to characteristics of life

Changes an organism undergoes beginning in with fertilization and ending in death. Involves growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis.

Describe reproduction relating to characteristics of life

Formation of new cells or new organisms. Without reproduction growth and development are impossible and a species will become extinct.

List the 4 factors of anatomical position

1. Standing erect

2. Facing forward

3. Upper limbs to sides

4. Palms facing forward

Lying facing upward (directional term)

Supine

Lying face downward (directional term)

Prone

Toward the right side of the body (directional term)

Right

Toward the left side of the body (directional term)

Left

A structure above another (directional term)

Superior

A structure below another (directional term)

Inferior

The front of the body (directional term)

Anterior

The back of the body (directional term)

Posterior

Toward the belly (directional term)

Ventral

Toward the back, typically used for animals (directional term)

Dorsal

Closer to the head than another structure, used more for animals, similar to superior (directional term)

Cephalic

Closer to the tail than another structure, think animals, similar to inferior (directional term)

Caudal

Closer to the point of attachment than another structure (directional term)

Proximal

Farther from the point of attachment than another structure (directional term)

Distal

Away from the midline of the body (directional term)

Lateral

Toward the midline of the body (directional term)

Medial

Toward or on the surface (directional term)

Superficial

Away from the surface, internal (directional term)

Deep

What consists of the arm vs forearm?

Arm is from the shoulder to elbow, forearm is from elbow to wrist

What consists of thigh vs leg?

Thigh extends from the hip to the knee, leg is from the knee to the ankle

What 3 things consist of the trunk and where do they start/end?

1. Thorax - chest

2. Abdomen - region between the thorax and pelvis

3. Pelvis- inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips

Describe a sagittal plane

Separates the body or structure into left and right halves, don’t have to be equal parts. Vertical section.

Describe a midsaggital section

Dividing the body into EQUAL left and right halves. Vertical section

Describe a frontal (coronal) plane

Runs vertically from right to left through the body. Separates anterior and posterior parts.

Describe a transverse plane

Runs parallel to the ground. Separates body into superior and inferior portions. Horizontal section

Describe a longitudinal section (organ)

Cut along (parallel to) the length of the organ

Describe a transverse/cross section (organ)

Cut at a right angle to length of the organ

Describe an oblique section (organ)

Cut at any angle but a right angle

Describe the dorsal cavity

Encloses the central nervous system. Cranial = brain and vertebral = spinal cord. Surrounded by protective membranes called meninges

Describe the ventral cavity

Encloses most of our internal organs. Consists of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity. Surrounded my serous membranes

Describe the thoracic cavity

Surrounded by the rib cage and separated by the diaphragm. Divided into left and right from the mediastinum

Describe the abdominal cavity

enclosed by the abdominal muscles. Contains stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys

Describe the pelvic cavity

Encased by the pelvic bones. Contains urinary bladder, part of large intestine, and internal reproductive organs. There is no physical separator.

Surrounds the heart (serous membrane)

Pericardium (pericardial membrane)

Contacts the heart surface (serous membrane)

Visceral pericardium

Contacts body wall by heart (serous membrane)

Parietal pericardium

Space between heart and body wall filled with pericardial fluid (serous membrane)

Pericardial cavity

Surrounds each lung (serous membrane)

Pleural membrane

Contacts lung surface (serous membrane)

Visceral pleura

Contacts body wall by lungs (serous membrane)

Parietal pleura

Space between lungs and body wall filled with pleural fluid (serous membrane)

Pleural cavity

Surrounds organs of abdominopelvic cavity (serous membrane)

Peritoneal membrane

Contacts organ surface in abdominopelvic cavity (serous membrane)

Visceral peritoneum

Contacts body wall of abdominopelvic cavity (serous membrane)

Parietal peritoneum

Space between body wall and abdominopelvic organs filled with peritoneal fluid

Peritoneal cavity

Anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a path for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs

Mesenteries

Define homeostasis and explain why it is important for proper body function

Existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Body can maintain a variable around a set point. Cells have to have homeostasis so they can function properly.

Describe when deviation from homeostasis may be beneficial

Can be beneficial during exercise when you need to have a higher blood pressure and blood flow to meet the energy and oxygen needs to support the metabolic rate of muscles.

Define set point vs. normal range

Set point: ideal normal value for a given variable

Normal range: range of values above and below the set point in which function is maintained and homeostasis is not challenged. Allows for some fluctuation.

Describe a negative feedback mechanism and an example

Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted. An example is blood pressure or temperature.

Describe receptor as it pertains to a feedback loop

Monitors the value of a variable

Describe control center as it pertains to a feedback loop

receives information about the variable from the receptor