Kraft Ch 12: Foreign Policy and Homeland Security

What is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and why was it created?

DHS was created after the 2001 attacks to reorganize agencies for improved national security and threat protection.

How is terrorism defined in this chapter?

The unconventional use of violence for political gain, often by international actors.

What is foreign policy?

Government actions affecting U.S. national security and global economic/political goals, including trade, alliances, immigration, and military strategy.

What are the main tools of U.S. foreign policy?

Diplomacy, economic relations (aid/sanctions), and military threats or intervention.

hy does the president dominate foreign policymaking?

Foreign policy relies on secrecy, professional agencies, limited public input, and presidential control over national security institutions.

What is defense policy?

Civilian‑set goals and actions guiding military affairs and national defense strategy.

What was the Marshall Plan?

A 1948 U.S. program providing economic aid to rebuild Europe after WWII.

What is NATO and why was it formed?

A 1949 military alliance formed to deter Soviet aggression and promote collective security.

What is globalization in this chapter’s context?

Growing interconnection of nations through trade, communication, and economic integration.

What is mutually assured destruction (MAD)?

The idea that nuclear-armed nations avoid first strikes because retaliation would ensure both sides’ destruction.

What is nuclear proliferation?

The spread of nuclear weapons technology to new nations such as India and Pakistan.

What major failures did the 9/11 Commission identify?

Poor intelligence sharing, weak analysis, and lack of coordination among the FBI, CIA, Pentagon, and NSC.

What was Operation Enduring Freedom?

The U.S. military campaign in Afghanistan to remove the Taliban and target al‑Qaeda after 9/11.

What is the main purpose of U.S. foreign aid?

To assist countries in need while advancing U.S. strategic interests through USAID‑managed bilateral aid.

What are major homeland security vulnerabilities identified in the chapter?

Chemical plants, dirty bombs, nuclear facilities, hazardous waste transport, and bioterrorism threats.