units 3-5 ap gov

the Bill of Rights.

limit the power of the federal government.

incorporation.

the Bill of Rights applies to the states and not just the federal government.

civil liberties.

individual personal freedoms that every person gets.

freedom of religion.

establishment clause, and free exercise clause.

establishment clause.

separation of church and state and no national religion.

free exercise clause.

All people are free to practice or not practice any religion of their choice.

freedom of speech.

Can be restricted based on time, place, and manner. students have free speech.

unprotected speech.

Libel (defamation), slander, obscenity, and anything that insights “ imminent, unlawful action”

protected speech.

Hate and symbolic speech.

freedom of press.

no prior restraint.

prior restraint.

suppression of any information that would’ve otherwise been published.

The right to bear arms

Guns cannot be banned in any locations because conceal and carry as well as personal defense are allowed

Due process

Fair treatment under law

Selective incorporation

Applies the bill of race the states on a case by case basis

Unreasonable search and seizure

No evidence can be unlawfully obtained otherwise there’s the exclusionary rule

The exclusionary rule

Any evidence obtained illegally, or without a warrant has to be thrown out of court. Unless there’s a reason to believe that it would have been discovered otherwise.

Miranda rule

people getting arrested must be read their fifth and sixth amendment rights. If the Miranda rights are not read, then the exclusionary rule applies unless there is a public safety exception.

Civil rights

The protection of people against discrimination

The equal protection clause

All people are treated equally under the law

Martin Luther King Jr.’s letter from Birmingham Jail

List reasoning for the civil rights movement and his use of civil disobedience

Social movements

Civil rights, women’s rights, LGBT, BLM

Civil rights acts of 1964

Band discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, and origin

Voting rights act of 1965

Band literacy tests, and other obstacles to voting

Title IX of the educational amendments

Band discrimination of sexes in federally funded education programs

Affirmative action

Preferential admission and higher for minorities

Jim Crow laws

The “ separate but equal” rule

Colorblind constitution

No racial distinction for anything

Race-conscience constitution

Only bans racial consideration if it harms minorities

Core values of the American public

Individualism, equal opportunity, free enterprise, rule of law, and limited government

Political socialization

What influences people getting their political opinions

Valid poll

Polls have to reach and take a sample from a wide variety of people

Benchmark polls

poll before the campaign to predict the winner

Tracking poll

Tracking opinions over time

Exit poll

Ask people who the voted for on the way out to predict who will win

Opinion poll

People’s opinion on particular issues

Polls must have

A sampling error correction and neutral wording

Liberal ideals

Social freedoms, economic regulation, government intervention to help the poor

Conservative ideals

Less economic regulation, traditional values, hands off government

Libertarians

Want all the freedoms and hand off government

Keynesian economics

The government increases government spending during recessions

Supply-side economics

The government should decrease taxes during a recession

Fiscal policy

Tax and spending policy by Congress and the president

Monetary

Influencing the money supply and interest rates by the federal reserve in order to lower employment or inflation

Federal reserves method of lowering unemployment

Lower the interest rate and increase the money supply

Federal reserves method of Lowering inflation

Raise interest rates and decrease money flow

Rational choice

Based on the campaign that helps the individual the most

Retrospective voting

Based on the past economics whether they want to reelect the incumbents or not

Prospective voting

Who the voter believes will do the best in the future based on campaign

Party line voting

The voter always votes for one party. Also called straight ticket voting.

What policies increase voter turnout

Automatic or same-day registration, mail in ballots, and early voting

Policies that increase election security

Voter photo ID laws and registration requirements

Which four amendments expanded voting rights

The 15th, 19th, 26th, and 24th (if you don’t know what these are go, look them up and you’re cooked)

purpose of political parties

Gain power and win elections by establishing a platform, recruiting, nominating, raising money, educating and mobilizing voters, as well as campaign management

why are political parties weakening

because the candidates are more central, the primary system, and changes in campaign finance

the primary system

campaigns that are party specific to choose who runs for the general election

regional realignment

the south switched from mainly democratic to almost entirely republican

Party Dealignment

people are becoming more independent and not associating themselves with either party

Third-party structural disadvantages

The winner take all system, ballot requirements, and plurality system

Third parties, informal disadvantages

The belief that it’s a “wasted vote” , major parties, take third parties ideas, and incorporate them into their own campaign, and lack of fundraising

Interest groups

They influence policy for a specific purpose by lobbying and drafting legislation

Lobbying

When an interest group or person gives information to Congress to influence decisions

Drafting legislation

Suggest wording on legislation to Congress

PACs

Groups that raise money for candidates

Open primary

Any voter can participate in the primary

Closed primary

Only registered party members can participate in the primary

General election

The winner takes office

National convention

We’re candidates are officially nominated and affiliated with a party for the general election

Campaign strategy for primaries

The candidate will appeal to the party that they’re affiliated with. Polarized.

Campaign strategy for the general election

Appeal to the general public and more voters so they have to be moderate

Which states get the most campaigning

Swing states and battleground states

Incumbency advantage

Incumbent usually win, especially in the house because of casework, PAC contributions, name, recognition, visibility, larger staff, experience, and frank