G200 Units 1-3

Ionization

The process by which a substance becomes charged, resulting in ionized and non-ionized forms of drugs that affect absorption and passage through membranes.

size & shape of drug passage

small

Lipid solubility

A property of a drug that allows it to easily pass through the hydrophobic interior of cell membranes; typically, lipid-loving substances are absorbed more readily.

Degree of ionization

Refers to whether a drug is charged or uncharged; non-ionized (non-charged) drugs are more readily absorbed compared to ionized drugs, which are often 'trapped'.

pH of local environment

The acidity or alkalinity of the environment can influence the ionization of a drug, affecting its absorption; a lower pH > non-ionization, higher pH > ionization

Efficacy

The ability of a drug to produce a desired effect or pharmacological response; independent of the amount taken.

Potency

The amount of drug needed to achieve a specific pharmacologic response; a higher potency indicates a therapeutic effect at a lower dose.

Drug Schedule I

Refers to substances that are forbidden for use except for research; these have no accepted medical use due to high potential for abuse.

Drug Schedule II

High potential for abuse; includes drugs like morphine and requires strict prescription controls, 30-day maximum & on security paper, with no refills allowed.

Drug Schedule III

Moderate to low potential for abuse; prescriptions can be refilled up to five times and require renewal after six months; renewable by telephone but need security form with required license numbers and information.

Drug Schedule IV

Lower potential for abuse; may lead to limited physical/psychological dependence; same prescription procedures as Schedule III but with different penalties for illegal possession.

Drug Schedule V

Lowest abuse potential; no prescription necessary but still federally controlled; pharmacy keeps record of purchase information for up to 2 years

Chemical name of a drug

Describes the exact chemical composition of a drug, which is useful primarily to chemists and researchers.

Generic name of a drug

An official name used in drug references like the USP; it may be based on the chemical “code” name and is not trademark protected.

Trade name of a drug

A proprietary name given to a drug by a manufacturer; it is trademarked and exclusive for use by that company; for marketing, selling, branding, etc.

Pharmacopeia of the USA (USP)

An authoritative drug reference book that outlines single drugs and standards, including average doses, toxicity, and methods of administration.

National Formulary (NF)

A drug reference formerly published independently, now combined with the USP, including drug formulas and often containing drugs previously removed from the USP.

AMA Drug Evaluations

A drug reference prepped by appointed experts; drugs are grouped according to use; general discussion provided of each group; favorable & unfavorable judgements expressed

Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

A compilation of drug information provided by manufacturers, useful for identifying drugs and their uses, but does not list off-label uses.

Drug Facts and Comparisons

A resource that groups drugs according to use and provides comparative information, now also includes color photos of OTC drugs; commonly used by pharmacists

Other sources

Journals, package insertions approved by FDA, and textbooks are others sources used to find additional information on drugs

Local drug administration

Local administration targets specific areas for effect; involves local drug activity where placed on skin, mucus membranes, etc.

Systemic drug administration

Systemic administration involves absorption into the bloodstream for widespread action; involves drug activity absorbed then distributed throughout body (may be on whole body/specific target organ).