C&S Case Studies

Corinth (44 BC, AD 70-76, colonia)

Ephesus (Asia, roman in 133 BC, civitas libera, civitas peregrina)

Minturnae (Italy, 3rd c BC, colonia)

Ostia (Italy, 3rd c BC, colonia)

Pompeii (Roman in 4th c BC, colonia in 80 BC)

Carthage (Tunisia, destroyed 146 BC, failure Gracchus 122 BC, refounded by Caesar 49-44 BC, augustan colonia)

Timgad (AD 100, North Africa, veteran colony by Trajan)

Sabratha (Africa Proconsularis, Roman annexation 105 BC, Mid 2nd AD municipium, AD 180 colonia)

Thugga (Dougga, Tunisia, 46 BC, AD 205 municipium, AD 261 colonia)

Lepcis Magna (Tripolitania, civitas, 1st c AD municipium, Trajanic colonia)

Severan Lepcis Magna (Harbour benefactions)

Caesarea Maritima (Israel, 25 BC Herod, AD 71/2 colonia after jewish revolt, Severan metropolis)

Palmyra (64 BC conquered Syria, Hadrian civitas libera, Severan colonia, 3rd c AD metrocolonia inscriptions)

Volubilis (Mauretania NA, AD 44 annexed, granted municipium)

Djemila (Roman Cuicul, Mauretania NA, c. 96-8, Nerva veteran colony)

Verulamium (Britain, Iron age settlement, AD 50, rebuilt after Boudicca c. AD 61, grid system & forum)

Silchester (Cavella Atrebatum, Britain, Iron age settlement, AD 45, civitas, links to local Celtic tribe)

Colchester (Camulodunum, fortress AD 43, AD 49 veteran colonia under Claudius)

Jublains (Noviodunum, iron age settlement, 1st c AD, civitas)

Arles (Gaul, 46 BC veteran colony, official colonia in 1st c AD)

Theatre of Epidaurus (Late 4th c BC, seats of honour, parodoi entrances)

Theatre of Pompey (55/2 BC, stone theatres banned 154 BC, temple to Venus)

Theatre of Cornelius Balbus (13 BC, likely ex manubiis)

Theatre of Marcellus (12 BC, Augustus, <20,000, tuff faced with opus reticulatum)

Pompeian amphitheatre (70 BC, earliest permanent, arcaded, 6m dug, 20,000, private funding after colonia status)

Nimes amphitheatre (AD 100, Gaul, holding pens, 60 arcades)

Capua amphitheatre (Campania, late 1st BC - early 1st AD, municipal funds)

Pozzuoli amphitheatre (Puteoli, Naples, late 1st AD, Flavian, municipal funds)

Verulamium theatre-amphitheatre (AD 140)

Lutetia theatre-amphitheatre (1st c AD, Paris, stone arcades)

Messene stadium-amphitheatre (3rd c BC, 1st-2nd c AD adaptation)

Circus maximus (stone Trajan AD 103, 150,000, pulvinar)

Relief of Sennacherib’s palace (Nineveh, early 7th c BC)

Carthage circus mosaic (uncertain date, dual perspective, double vaulted, 60,000)

Settefinestre (Tuscany, 1st - 3rd BC, conspicuous pars rustica pigsty and granary, socio-spatial divisions through architecture & decoration, baths reached through processing mill & press, 3 presses, 90,000-750,000 bottles a year, doormouse breeding jars)

Villa Regina (Boscoreale, 1st AD, small villa rustica, socio-spatial divisions in paved vs dirt floors, sunken dolia in colonnade dgarden, torcularium & wine press, threshing floor all conspicuous, multicropping)

Villa of Papyri (Herculaneum, 1st c BC/AD, villa maritima, 250msq, atrium-peristyle, long colonnaded garden w sculptures, library, gymnasium, lack of production)

Villa Poppaea (1st c BC/AD, Oplontis, 13 gardens, 40 sculptures, east garden: 50m piscina, olive, lemon & apple trees)

Torre Astura (Cicero’s villa, 1st c BC/AD, 15,000m piscina, aqueduct & salinated pools, pavillion, conspicuous production)

Fishbourne palace (Chichester, 75 AD Togidubnus, or 90s AD Governor Lucullus, cf. Domus Flavia, 10 acres, 50 mosaics)

Anthee villas (France, 1st-2nd AD, axially organised, driveway leading to pars urbana, aerial survey, Habermehl adopting Roman inequality)

Henchir sidi Hamdan (Tripolitania, 2nd c AD, 9 presses, 5 workers, better rainfall than in south, lacks pars urbana)