Human Microbiota: Good Bugs, Bad Bugs

Normal microbiota may aid the host by:

provide some nutrients (_____ __), physiologic enhancements (ITs)

vitamin K

Normal microbiota may aid the host by:

stimulate _____ ______, immunity can be cross reactive against certain pathogens

immune system

Normal microbiota may aid the host by:

prevent colonization by _____ _______ (antibiotic-associated colitis, Clostridium difficile)

potential pathogens

Normal microbiota may:

aid the host

______ the host (sometimes)

exist as commensals (no effect on host)

harm

1. transient colonization

2. permanent colinzation

3. disease

outcomes of exposure to a microorganism

establishment of a site of reproduction of microbes on a person without necessarily resulting in tissue invasion or damage.

colonization

growth and multiplication of a microbe in or on the body of the host with or without the production of disease.

infection

A human may first become colonized by a _______ _______ prior to birth. Recently, research has revealed the presence of “biofilms” in utero. The significance of this is not yet fully understood.

normal microbiota

The more traditional understanding, however, is that at the moment of birth and passage through the birth canal, ________ of the body surfaces occurs.

Handling and feeding of the infant after birth leads to establishment of a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity and intestinal tract in about 48 hours.

colonization

Influential factors:

1. Mom: the _______ of a child’s bacterial microbiota is usually dependent on the mothers microbiota

composition

Influential factors:

2. local ______ for microbes (pH, temperature, O2, H2O, and nutrient levels)

environment

Influential factors:

3. ______ supplied: complex vs simple carbohydrates

diet

Influential factors:

4. age

-_______: affects GI tract microbiota

-the ______ of the teeth: affects oral microbiota

-the onset and cessation of ______ functions: vaginal microbiota

weaning, eruption, ovarian

Influential factors:

5. ______ status of the host

health

Influential factors:

6. _____ treatments

antibiotic

How are microbial pathogens of caries transmitted?

person to person

What are the dominant members of the oral cavity and pharynx?

oral streptococci

• inhibits colonization of many pathogenic bacteria

• are pathogens for bacterial subacute endocarditis

oral streptococci

Who are predominant members of the tongue microbiota of ‘healthy’ individuals? (not associated w/ any infectious diseases of humans)

streptococcus salivarius

The formation of caries (cavities) are induced by a specific bacteria, but only when fed what kind of diet?

cariogenic

Name the 3 bacterias that can form dental caries (cavities)

S. mutans, Lactobacillus sp. , Actinomyces sp.

How do caries the bacteria that form caries (cavities) transmit?

person to person

Fill in the steps of cavitation:

1. Initial bacterial ________ of a tooth surface

2. Strep mutans ________

3. Incipient ________ (yellow area/white spot). No cavitation.

4. __________

colonization, proliferation, lesion, cavitation

The cause of gingivitis is usually _______ - induced, which acts to innate the body’s host response.

plaque

When the body initiates its host response to plaque, this can lead to destruction of what?

gum (gingival) tissues

The destruction of gingival tissues may progress to destruction of the _________ attachment/ligament.

periodontal

Plaque accumulates in the small gaps between teeth, in the gingival grooves and areas known as what?

plaque traps

The bacteria in the plaque traps produce chemicals such as degradative what?

enzymes, toxins

What are the two degradative enzymes/toxins made by plaque traps?

LPS, LTA

What do LPS and LTA in plaque traps promote inflammatory response where?

gum tissue

Dental disorder that results from progression of gingivitis

periodontitis

Regarding periodontitis, the inflammation & infection is of the ______ & ______ that support the teeth.

ligaments, bones

Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans is the most common cause of localized ______ _______.

aggressive periodonititis

What is the gram classification & shape of Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans?

gram - coccobacillus

Fill in the virulence factors of Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans:

• can cause _____ resorption

• exotoxins can directly _____ cells

• invasion of _______ cells

bone, kill, epithelial

porphyromonas gingivalis is another common cause of what in adults?

periodontitis

What is the gram classification/shape of porphyromonas gingivalis?

g - oral anaerobe

porphyromonas gingivalis produces enzymes that contribute to the destruction of _____ tissue and _____ that support the teeth?

gum, bone

Human microbiota constitute a protective host defense mechanism by occupying what?

ecological niches

Human microbiota contribute to immunity by inducing low levels of circulating and secretory antibodies that may cross react with?

pathogens

Intestinal microbes also carry out a variety of what type of reactions that produce various compounds?

metabolic

The type & amount of compounds produced in metabolism is influenced by what 2 factors?

composition of intestinal microbiota, diet

The compounds produced in metabolism by microbiota:

vitamins B12 & K, neurotransmitters

Medical treatment for patients with pseudomembranous colitis or ulcerative colitis that involves restoration of colon homeostasis by reintroducing normal bacterial microbiota from stool obtained from a healthy donor

fecal bacteriotherapy / fecal transfusion / fecal transplant / stool transplant / fecal enema / HPI / fecal micro biota transfusion

At the least, how much fresh stool is collected from a donor for a fecal microbiota transplantation?

200-300 grams

The stool collected by a donor for a fecal transplantation is mixed with salt water in a blender and filtered to remove what?

particulate matter

How can the feces during a fecal transplantation be administered to the recipient? (2 ways)

colonoscopy, enema

When the inflamed region of the colon is higher, how can feces be administered to fecal transplantation recipient?

nano-gastric tube

a live microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on the host by modifying the host-associated or ambient microbial community.

probiotic

Probiotics enhance a hosts microbial community through enhancing the host’s _____ or enchaining the host ______ towards disease.

nutrition, response

Who was the first to conceptualize probiotics? (Russian noble prize winner, scientist at Pasteur institute)

Elie Metchnikoff

In 1907, Elie Metchnikoff proposed that the acid producing bacteria in fermented milk products could prevent “________” in the large intestine and if consumed regularly, lead to a longer, healthier life.

fouling

1. production of inhibitory compounds 2.

2. competition for chemicals/available energy

3. competition for adhesion sites (exclusion)

4. enhancement of the immune response

5. a source of macro- and micro-nutrients

6. enzymatic contribution to digestion

jobs of microbial adjuncts

L. fermentum is identified as highly _______ and anti oxidative.

antimicrobial

Who helps inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, yeast and other pathogens and has demonstrated clinical efficacy within immune health?

L. fermentum

Who helps rude occasional diarrhea and enhances your immune system and may help reduce cholesterol levels?

L. acidophilus

Studies have shown that those who take this have experienced significantly more relief from their GI discomfort than those taking a placebo

L. acidophilus

Who converts lactose into lactic acid, helping those who are lactose intolerant? (helps encourage grow of other beneficial bacteria too)

L. casei

Who assists in breaking down carbs and fighting free radicals?

B. longum

Who provides potent antioxidant support and helps to reduce the effects of seasonal allergens?

B. longum

Who helps decrease H. pylori and helps production of front line cells in the immune system?

B. lactis

Who helps reduce occurrences of travelers diarrhea and food poisoning?

L. rhamnosus

Who secretes the oxidant hydrogen peroxide?

L. plantarum

Hydrogen peroxide helps protect your body and must be present for immune system to function correctly. It creates a healthy _______ in your colon and helps lower ______ pH.

barrier, luminal

Hydrogen peroxide creates an unfavorable environment for the growth of what 3 things?

molds, yeasts, bacteria

Who has been shown to reduce the major symptoms of GI disorders (diarrhea, flatulence, cramps, bloat, constipation)?

B. Infantis

B. infantis has been shown to improve digestion and body’s ability o absorb and process nutrients, it is particularly popular as a means of combating what disease?

IBS

Certain products (lactobacillus bulcaricus) may help prevent colon cancer by the break down of ______ (Beta-glucuronidase) that cont. to the growth of cancer causing agents.

enzymes

A range of what are able to break down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption? (which enters blood as cholesterol)

lactobacillus

Consumption of milk fermented w/ various strains of lactobacillus may result in modest _____ in BP, due to the ACE inhibition peptides produced during fermentation.

reductions

Probiotic treatment can reduce the incidence and severity of what kind of diarrhea?

antibiotic associated haW

Yogurt is inoculated with what probiotics?

streptococcus thermophilus and either L. acidophilus or L. bulgaricus

Most probiotics do not permanently adhere in the intestine but exert their effects as they ____ and grow during their passage through intestine (colonization). This daily consumption is probably best way to maintain effectiveness.

metabolize

A nondigestable component which beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one of a limited number of colonic bacteria, thereby improving health of host.

prebiotic

inulin, garlic, onion, asparagus, whole wheats, oats, rye, barley are all examples of?

prebiotics

A clinical would approach a bacterial disease by:

1. ____ approach

2. _____ _____ approach

organ, gram stain

Gram pos. cocci are typically _____ (S. pyrogens, S. aureus)

pyogenic

Gram neg. cocci are typically _______ (N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis)

pyogenic

Spirals are typically ______ _______ (Treponema palladium, borrelia burdorferi, leptospira)

chronic infections

Skin microbiota is usually what gram stain cocci? (S. aureus, s. pyogenes)

positive

S. pnuemoniae, s. aureus, h. influenzae are causative agents for what 2 disease?

sinusitis, otitis media

S. pyogenes, EBV, Neisseria Sp, diphtheria are all causative agents for?

pharyngitis

Is gram stain practical for sinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis?

no

For lower respiratory tract disease we use _____ gram stain (and others)

sputum

Is gram stain practical for meningitis?

yes

Neonate meningitis caused by

E. coli, group b strep

Is gram stain practical for endocarditis? Why or why not?

no, no easy access to infection site

Oral strep, enterococcus sp, staphylococcus sp are all causative agents for?

endocarditis

Is gram stain practical for enteric infections?

No

salmonella sp, escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, shigella sp, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium sp are all causative agents for?

enteric infections