Human Anatomy Chapters 1-2-3

What is Gross Anatomy?

Visible with the unaided eye

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

What is Cytology?

the study of body cells and their internal structure​

What is Histology?

the study of tissues

What is Systemic Anatomy?

By organ system

What is Regional Anatomy?

By area (head and neck)

What is Surface Anatomy?

What can be seen without disturbing tissues

What is Comparative Anatomy?

examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species​

What is Embryology?

studies developmental changes from conception to birth​

What is Metabolism?

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body​

What is Anabolism?

small molecules joined to form larger ones​

What is Catabolism?

large molecules broken down into smaller ones​

What is Reproduction?

• Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair​

• With sex cells (gametes), can develop into new organisms​

What is the Chemical level?

atoms form molecules, which compose macromolecules, which in turn make cell parts (organelles)

What does the Integumentary system do?

• Protects body from external environment

• Produces vitamin D

• Retains water

• Regulates body temp

• (Hair, skin, nails)

What does the Skeletal system do?

• Supports the body

• Protects internal organs

• Provides leverage for movement

• Produces blood cells

• Stores calcium salts

• (Bones and joints)

What does the Muscular system do?

• Produces movement

• Controls body openings

• Generates heat

• (Skeletal muscles)

What does the Nervous system do?

• Regulates body functions

• Provides sensations via nerve impulses

• (Brain, spinal cord, nerves)

What does the Endocrine system do?

• Regulates body functions

• Hormones

• (Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreases, testes, ovaries)

What does the Cardiovascular system do?

• Pumps and delivers blood

• Removes waste form tissues

• Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances

• (Blood vessels and heart)

What does the Lymphatic system do?

• Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

• Provides immunity

• (Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels)

What does the Respiratory system do?

• Delivers oxygen to the blood

• Removes Carbo dioxide from the body

• Maintains acid-base balance of the blood

• (Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs)

What does the Urinary system do?

• Removes metabolic wastes from the blood

• Regulated fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

• Stimulates blood cell production

• (Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)

What does the Digestive system do?

• Digests food

• Absorbs nutrients into the blood

• Removes food waste

• Regulated fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

• (Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine)

What does the Male Reproductive system do?

• Produces sperm

• Secretes hormones

• Sexual function

• (Prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis)

What does the Female Reproductive system do?

• Produces eggs

• Fetal development/ lactation

• Secretes hormones

• Sex

• (Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina)

What is the Coronal (Frontal) plane?

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

What is the Transverse (or cross-sectional) plane?

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts​

What is the Midsagittal (median) plane?

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves​

What is the Sagittal plane?

Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions

What is Oblique plane?

Passes through structure at an angle​

What is the Axial region?

• Head, neck, and trunk​

• Forms the main vertical axis of the body​

What is the Appendicular region?

Upper and lower limbs

What is the Posterior aspect?

• Completely encased in bone​​

• Subdivided into”​

  • Cranial cavity (endocranium) is formed by bones of the cranium → Houses the brain​

  • Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column → Houses the spinal cord​

What is the Ventral cavity?

• Larger than posterior cavity​

• Anteriorly placed in the body​

• Does not completely encase organs in bone

• Subdivisions of are lined with serous membranes​​

• Partitioned into a​

  • Superior thoracic cavity ​

  • Inferior abdominopelvic cavity​

What is the Parietal serous membrane layer?

lines internal surface of body wall​

What is the Visceral serous membrane layer?

covers external surface of organs (viscera) ​

What is Serous fluid?

• Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane​

• Acts as lubricant​

• Reduces friction caused by movement of organs against body wall​

What is the Mediastinum?

median space in the thoracic cavity​

• Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart​

What is the Pericardium?

two-layered serous membrane​

• Parietal pericardium → Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart​

• Visceral pericardium​ → Forms the heart’s external surface​

• Pericardial cavity​ → Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

What is the Pleura?

two-layered serous membrane associated with lungs​

• Parietal pleura​ → Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall​

• Visceral pleura​ → Inner layer covers external surface of lungs​

• Pleural cavity​ → Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid​

What is the Abdominal cavity?

• Superior area​

• Contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters​

What is the Pelvic cavity?

• Inferior area, between hip bones​

• Contains distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

What is the Peritoneum?

two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity​

• Parietal peritoneum​ → Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity​

• Visceral peritoneum​ → Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs​

• Peritoneal cavity​ → Potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid​

What is the Epigastric region?

Superior to umbilical  ​

What is the Hypogastric region?

Inferior to the umbilical

What are the Right and left hypochondriac regions?​

Inferior to costal cartilages and lateral to epigastric

What are the Right and left lumbar regions?

Lateral to umbilical

What are the Right and left iliac regions​?

Lateral to hypogastric​

What is Homeostasis?

the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions​

What are the 3 Components of the Homeostatic systems?

1. Receptor: detects changes in a variable​ → Stimulus: change in temp. sensed by skin

2. Control center: interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector​ → regulation of blood pressure upon rising​

3. Effector: is the structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus​

What is Negative feedback?

• Controls most processes in the body​

• Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point​

• Resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus → temperature regulation

What is Positive feedback?

• Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback​

• Stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climactic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis​ → (Breastfeeding, Blood clotting​, and Labor)​

What are Characteristics of the Homeostatic system?

• Dynamic​

• Control center is generally nervous system or endocrine system

• Regulated through negative feedback​

• If systems fails, homeostatic imbalance or disease results​

What is Diabetes?

homeostatic imbalance​

• Occurs when homeostatic mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally​

• Blood glucose fluctuations and high glucose readings​