L22 - Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton

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Last updated 5:54 PM on 5/31/26

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overview

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Cytoskeleton in Human gut cell

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Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Cytoskeleton

structure: both contain

chains of round proteins

bundles of thin proteins

Function of cytoskeleton:

Prokaryotes:

maintain cell shape & cell reproduction

Eukaryotes:

maintains cell shape, moves the cell, cell reproduction

<p><u>structure: both contain </u></p><ul><li><p>chains of round proteins </p></li></ul><p>or </p><ul><li><p>bundles of thin proteins</p></li></ul><p></p><p><u>Function of cytoskeleton:</u></p><p><strong>Prokaryotes</strong>: </p><ul><li><p>maintain cell shape & cell reproduction</p></li></ul><p><strong>Eukaryotes</strong>:</p><ul><li><p>maintains cell shape, moves the cell, cell reproduction </p></li></ul><p></p>

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Cytoskeleton components

microtubules = tubes of round tubules proteins

have polarity ( + & - end)
tubulin = heterodimer
nucleotide is used to regulate formation of MTs

→ tubulins are added/removed from plus (ACTIVE) end

→ in animals: grow from centrosome @ (-) end + attached via gamma-tubulin ring complexes

F-actin = rods of round globular actin proteins

have polarity ( + & - end)
G-actin = monomer

→ G-actins are added/removed from BOTH ends (both active)

→ located in cell cortex & inside microvilli in gut cells

Intermediate Filaments = ropes of thin keratin proteins

have identical ends
keratin = homodimer

→ keratins connect all at once

→ located in cytosol (connect desmosomes) + in nucleus (nuclear lamina)

→ name of keratin depends on location:

in cytosol (connecting desmosomes) = cytokeratins
in nucleus (nuclear lamina) = nuclear lamins

<ol><li><p><strong>microtubules</strong> = tubes of round tubules proteins</p></li></ol><ul><li><p>have polarity ( + & - end)</p></li><li><p><em>tubulin = heterodimer</em></p></li><li><p><em>nucleotide is used to regulate formation of MTs</em></p></li></ul><p>→ tubulins are <span style="color: rgb(148, 221, 225);">added/removed from plus (ACTIVE) end</span></p><p>→ in animals: <span style="color: rgb(170, 229, 223);">grow from centrosome @ (-) end</span> + attached via gamma-tubulin ring complexes</p><img src="https://assets.knowt.com/user-attachments/2d5b1b19-d97d-4f2e-9c80-ad05def3dfd4.png" data-width="50%" data-align="center"><ol start="2"><li><p><strong>F-actin </strong>= rods of round globular actin proteins </p></li></ol><ul><li><p>have polarity ( + & - end)</p></li><li><p><em>G-actin = monomer</em></p></li></ul><p>→ G-actins are <span style="color: rgb(176, 241, 243);">added/removed from BOTH ends</span> (both active)</p><p>→ located <span style="color: rgb(147, 224, 203);">in cell cortex & inside microvilli </span>in gut cells</p><img src="https://assets.knowt.com/user-attachments/834bea78-3452-43dd-ade0-db488edcfa74.png" data-width="50%" data-align="center"><ol start="3"><li><p><strong>Intermediate Filaments</strong> = ropes of thin keratin proteins </p></li></ol><ul><li><p>have identical ends</p></li><li><p><em>keratin = homodimer</em></p></li></ul><p>→ keratins connect all at once</p><p>→ located in cytosol (connect desmosomes) + in nucleus (nuclear lamina)</p><img src="https://assets.knowt.com/user-attachments/f001b84e-1db2-4aaa-a984-b1aee212c150.png" data-width="50%" data-align="center"><p>→ name of keratin depends on location:</p><ul><li><p>in cytosol (connecting desmosomes) = cytokeratins </p></li><li><p>in nucleus (nuclear lamina) = nuclear lamins</p></li></ul><p></p>

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what microscope was used to image this nuclear lamina?

TEM

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Animals cells: functions of cytoskeleton

contains:

MTs, F-actin, IFs

Functions:

MTs → resist compression (squish cell)
actin & IFs → resist tension (pull apart cell)

<p><u>contains</u>:</p><ul><li><p>MTs, F-actin, IFs</p></li></ul><p></p><p><u>Functions</u>:</p><ol><li><p>MTs → <span style="color: rgb(172, 244, 242);">resist compression</span> (squish cell)</p><img src="https://assets.knowt.com/user-attachments/8715bca7-0526-4ecc-a581-c11dea7c5824.png" data-width="25%" data-align="center"></li><li><p>actin & IFs → <span style="color: rgb(159, 243, 232);">resist tension</span> (pull apart cell)</p></li></ol><img src="https://assets.knowt.com/user-attachments/c378bbfe-c1dc-4dae-983b-d74479eda269.png" data-width="50%" data-align="center"><p></p>

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Plant cells: functions of cytoskeleton

contains:

MTs - not as organized bc theres NO centrosomes, bc water in CV rests compression instead
F-actin & IF in nuclear lamina
IF in cytosol - simpler bc theres NO desmosome to be connected by IF

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Microtubules: Structure & function

structure: tubes of round tubulin proteins w (+/-) end

tubulin = heterodimer

→ tubulins are added/removed from plus (ACTIVE) end

→ in animals: grow from centrosome @ (-) end + attached via gamma-tubulin ring complexes

function:

plants: simple
animals: resist compression

<p><strong>structure</strong>: tubes of round tubulin proteins w (+/-) end</p><ul><li><p>tubulin = heterodimer</p></li></ul><p>→ tubulins are <span style="color: rgb(148, 221, 225);">added/removed from plus (ACTIVE) end</span></p><p>→ in animals: <span style="color: rgb(170, 229, 223);">grow from centrosome @ (-) end</span> + attached via gamma-tubulin ring complexes</p><p></p><p><strong>function</strong>:</p><ul><li><p>plants: simple</p></li><li><p>animals: resist compression</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Actin filaments: Structure & function

structure: rods of round globular actin proteins

have polarity ( + & - end)
G-actin = monomer

→ G-actins are added/removed from BOTH ends (both active)

→ located in cell cortex & inside microvilli in gut cells

function:

animals/plants: resist tension w IFs

<p><strong>structure</strong>: rods of round globular actin proteins</p><ul><li><p>have polarity ( + & - end)</p></li><li><p><em>G-actin = monomer</em></p></li></ul><p>→ G-actins are <span style="color: rgb(176, 241, 243);">added/removed from BOTH ends</span> (both active)</p><p>→ located <span style="color: rgb(147, 224, 203);">in cell cortex & inside microvilli </span>in gut cells</p><p></p><p>function: </p><ul><li><p>animals/plants: resist tension w IFs</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Intermediate filaments: Structure & function

structure: ropes of thin keratin proteins

have identical ends
keratin = homodimer

→ keratins connect all at once

→ located in cytosol (connect desmosomes) + in nucleus (nuclear lamina)

→ name of keratin depends on location:

in cytosol (connecting desmosomes) = cytokeratins
in nucleus (nuclear lamina) = nuclear lamins

function:

animals: resist tension w F-actin
plants: resists tension in nucleus & cytosol (simpler bc no desmosomes to connect)

<p><strong>structure</strong>: ropes of thin keratin proteins</p><ul><li><p>have identical ends</p></li><li><p><em>keratin = homodimer</em></p></li></ul><p>→ keratins connect all at once</p><p>→ located in cytosol (connect desmosomes) + in nucleus (nuclear lamina)</p><p></p><p>→ name of keratin depends on location:</p><ul><li><p>in cytosol (connecting desmosomes) = cytokeratins</p></li><li><p>in nucleus (nuclear lamina) = nuclear lamins</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>function</strong>: </p><ul><li><p>animals: resist tension w F-actin</p></li><li><p>plants: resists tension in nucleus & cytosol (simpler bc no desmosomes to connect)</p></li></ul><p></p>

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