State mandated quiz psb 2000 FSU

What part of a neuron contains the organelles responsible for basic metabolic processes of the cell?

Cell body/ Soma (Mitochondria)

Name the part of the neuron where the cell receives synaptic signals from other neurons?

Dendrite

Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals away from the soma and toward another cell?

Axon

At a synapse, what do we call the neuron that is sending the signal, and what do we call the neuron that is receiving the signal?

Neuron sending the signal: Axon (Efferent carries away Afferent bringing info into structure)

Neuron receiving the signal: Dendrite

Explain the direction that information flows in a neuron, from receiving a signal from another neuron to sending a signal to the next cell. Use the correct terms for each part of the neuron.

1) Dendrites receive a signal. 2) If there are enough signals,

current goes through the soma. 3) The current can trigger a

signal at the base of the axon. 4) The signal travels down the

axon to the axon terminal.

5) This releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

6) These are received by the dendrites of another neuron.

7) Repeat

Some axons can transmit a nerve impulse much faster than others. What structure allows those axons to transmit signals so quickly? What kind of cell provides this structure?

Myelin Sheath. Oligodendrocytes (in the brain and spinal cord) and Schwann cells (in the periphery)

What is resting potential? Is the inside of the neuron negative or positive relative to the outside of the neuron? Why; what chemicals cause the inside of the cell to be more positive or negative?

Inside is negative. NA+ on inside...depolarized, K+

What does depolarization mean? What does hyperpolarization mean?

Depolarization: Inside of neuron less negative

Hyperpolarization: Inside of neuron more negative

What is another word for the nerve impulse? Which way does it travel?

Action potential. Travels down the axon leading to neurotransmitter release

At the synapse, what is released from the pre-synaptic neuron?

Neurotransmitters

What happens on the post-synaptic neuron at the synapse? How does the post-synaptic neuron receive the signal?

Excititory depolarize make the inside more positive

Inhibitory hyper polarizes, makes inside more negative.

What is the other major cell type in the nervous system in addition to neurons?

Glial cells. Astrocytes synchronize activity of axon. Microglia remove waste. Radial glia guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

We divide the peripheral nervous system into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. What do each of these systems do?

The autonomic nervous system sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc.) Somatic NS Includes sensory and motor neurons to skin and muscles

For most senses we discussed, sensory information coming from the right side of the body ultimately goes to the ___________ side of the cortex, and sensory information from the left side of the body will go to the __________ side of the cortex.

left; right

Which area of cortex (which lobe) contains the areas of the brain most important for understanding speech and language? For right-handed people, which side of the brain processes language?

Temporal Lobe. The left side.

Which lobe of the cortex is most associated with the sense of vision?

Occipital Lobe

Which lobe of the cortex contains the primary somatosensory cortex?

Parietal Lobe

What lobe of the cortex contains the primary motor cortex?

Frontal Lobe

Which lobe of the cortex contains the primary auditory cortex?

Temporal Lobe

Which lobe of the cortex is most associated with executive functions such as thinking, decision making and impulse control?

Frontal Lobe

We talked about several subcortical areas that are involved in behavior. Which one is most well known for its role in memory? Which one is best known for its role in emotions?

Memory: Hippocampus

Emotions: Amygdala

Both are in the limbic system

In Parkinson's Disease, motor control problems occur because of a loss of what specific neurons, in what location?

Loss of substantia nigra, located in midbrain

What kinds of behaviors are influenced most by the hypothalamus?

eating, drinking, temperature control, sexual behavior, etc.

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland's release of tropic hormones that influence endocrine secretion by many other glands in the body. Which of those glands are most important for reproductive behaviors? Which glands are most important for the response to stress?

Adrenal glands (fight or flight): stress