HRM Chapter 7: Training

Training

Planned effort to help employees acquire job-related knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors

Instructional Design

Systematic process used to develop training programs that help organizations achieve goals

Instructional Design Process

Needs Assessment → Readiness for Training → Planning the Training Program → Implementing the Program → Evaluating Results

Learning Management System (LMS)

Computer application that automates the administration, development, delivery, and tracking of training programs

Needs Assessment

Evaluating the organization, employees, and tasks to determine what training is needed

Organization Analysis

Assesses training needs based on organizational strategy, resources, and management support

Person Analysis

Determines who needs training and whether performance deficiencies result from lack of knowledge, skills, or abilities

Task Analysis

Determines what should be taught by analyzing tasks, equipment, environment, time constraints, safety considerations, and performance standards

Readiness for Training

Combination of employee characteristics and a positive work environment that permits training

Situational Constraints

Limits on training effectiveness caused by lack of time, money, resources, or equipment

Social Support

Encouragement from managers and coworkers that supports learning and training

Training Objectives

Expectations, performance standards, conditions for applying learning, and resources needed to achieve outcomes

Classroom Instruction

Trainer lectures a group

Computer-Based Training

Training delivered electronically that allows flexible scheduling and lower costs

On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Training in which an experienced employee guides trainees at the workplace

Apprenticeship

Combination of structured OJT and classroom training, commonly used in skilled trades

Internship

On-the-job learning sponsored by an educational institution as part of an academic program

Simulation

Training method that creates a realistic, risk-free environment for practicing skills and making decisions

Business Games

Training activities in which participants analyze information and make decisions that affect outcomes

Case Study

Detailed description of a situation that trainees analyze and discuss

Behavior Modeling

Training method where employees observe desired behaviors, practice them, and receive feedback

Experiential Programs

Training that involves learning concepts through experience, practice, and reflection

Adventure Learning

Experiential training using challenging outdoor activities to develop teamwork and leadership skills

Team Training

Training in which individuals work together to achieve a common goal

Cross-Training

Team members learn each other's jobs so they can substitute for one another when needed

Coordination Training

Team training that improves information sharing and decision-making

Team Leader Training

Training that develops skills needed to effectively lead teams

Action Learning

Teams solve a real organizational problem, create an action plan, and implement the solution

Principles of Learning

Training is most effective when linked to job tasks, includes practice, provides feedback, and uses clear materials

Transfer of Training

On-the-job use of knowledge, skills, and behaviors learned during training

Training Outcomes

Results of training such as increased knowledge, improved skills, attitude changes, satisfaction, performance improvement, and ROI

Orientation

Training designed to help new employees perform their jobs, learn about the organization, and establish work relationships

Onboarding

Ongoing process that prepares new employees for full participation in the organization

Compliance

Onboarding stage focused on understanding company policies, rules, and regulations

Clarification

Onboarding stage focused on understanding job duties and performance expectations

Culture

Onboarding stage focused on understanding company history, values, norms, traditions, and mission

Connection

Onboarding stage focused on developing working and interpersonal relationships

Diversity

Differences among individuals such as age, gender, race, and culture

Equity

Fair treatment, access, opportunities, and advancement for all employees

Inclusion

Work environment in which everyone is respected and able to contribute fully

Diversity Training

Training designed to change employee attitudes about diversity and develop skills for working with a diverse workforce