Biology I am lacking:

01: Define Monophyletic, polyphyletic, paraphyletic

• Monophyletic — common ancestor and all descendants 

• Polyphyletic — distantly related species, excluding most recent common ancestor 

• Paraphyletic — common ancestor and some (not all) descendants

01: Type of phage in a lytic and lysogenic cycle

lytic does virulent and lysogenic does temperate phages

02: SEQ Prokaryotic Reproduction

BInary fission

1. DNA Replication: begins at the origin of replication

2. elongation: cell elongates and the origins move in 2 opposite directions

3. Septum formation: plasmna membrane shifts inward and forms cell wall/septum

4. Division: splits into 2 daughter cells

02: Types of Recombination

• Transformation

  • no contact

  • picks up from environment

  • horizontal

• Transformation

  • virus is mistaken as DNA and injected into cell

  • horizontal

• Conjugation

  • horizontal

  • F factor is moved on a pilus and holds DNA

  • direct contact between cells

derived traits of eukaryotes

nucleaus, membrane bound organelles, mitochrondria

derived traits of archaeplastida

primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria

groups of archaeplastida in order

1. red algae - basal taxon

2. green algae

3. charophytes

4. land plants

Notes

• within 1 there is 2,3,4

• within 2, there is 3,4

• 3 & 4 are sister taxa

derived traits of SAR

red algae via primary endosymbiosis of the cyanobacteria

Derived traits of ameboa

pseduopodia

Opistokont derived trait

none

descendents of opistokonts in order

1. nucleariids

2. fungi

3. chanoflagellates

4. animals

notes

• 1 and 2 sister taxa

• 3 and 4 sister taxa

Discoba derived traits

crystalline rod flagellum structure

secondary endosymbiosis

comes from the symbiosis of the red or green algae created in the first endosymbiosis

results in algae with SECONDARY plasmids

evolution of fungi

1. fungi CA multicellular

2. fungi appeared before land plants

3. green slime era

   1. cyanobacteria

   2. algae

   3. small heterotrophs

absorptive hetertrophy

breaks down polymers by secreting hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolases), and there is a chitinous cell wall made of durable, strong, and flexible nitrogen contianing polysaccrides unique to fungi

growth and feeding network of mushrooms/mold

grow a lot of hypae that expand to new food sources feeding network is mycelium which is groups of hypae

growth and feeding network for yeast

• growth is budding

• feeding network is fermentation

SEQ fungal life cycle

1. hypae release and detect phermones

2. hypae extend toward phermones

3. if different mating types, plasmogomy occurs

   1. fusion of cytoplasm but not nuclei

4. heterokaryon forms, haploid

5. cells grow and divide

6. time passes

7. karyogomy is formed

   1. fusion of nuclei

   2. creates diploid zygote

8. haploid condition restored by meiosis

   1. new spores grow into new hypae

Chytrids

basal fungi, flagellated spores

zygomycota

decomposer, black break mold

glomeromycota

• mutalistic for plants

• form mycorrihiaze

ascomyetes

truffles, pencillin, yeast

basidomycotes

mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi

homeobox genes

groups of genes that regulate animal body development

radial body plane

any line of symmetry

bilaterial

only ½ body plane longitudital

must have left and right

Diploblast germ layers

endoderm and ectoderm

coelmate

• true coelum

• completely lines with mesoderm tissue

• acts as hydrostatic skeleton

pseduocoelmate

• false coelmate

• only partially lines with mesoderm and some endoderm

Proteostomes

• spiral and determinate cleavage

• mouth develops first

• forms solid and ventral nerve chord

deutrostomia

• radial and indeterimate

• anus is first opening

• forms dorsal and hollow nerve chords

Metazoa

• this is the largest clade!!!

• chanoflagettlates are another word for animals and start this, from opistokonts

• DT: multicellularity, ECM, 1 homeobox gene

• descendents: porifera

  • sponges

  • no tissues or symmetry

  • have cnidaria cells

Eumetazoa

• overall animal clade

• DT: Specialized, true tissues, and symmetry, gastrovascular cavity

• descendent: cnidaria

  • real tissue

  • diploblast

  • cnidocyte stinging cells

bilateria

• dt: bilaterial symmetry, triploblasty

• descendents: acoela

  • no coelom

Nephrozoa

• dt: excretory structure, excretory structure, coelum

• descendents

  • broken down into deutrostromia and proteostomia

  • duetrostomia

    • DT: deutrodevelopment

    • descendents:

      • echinodermata

        • sea stars and urchins

        • calcium carbonate endoskeleton

        • water vascular system

      • chordata

  • proteostomia

    • DT: proteodevelopment

    • descendents

      • spiralia

        • playthyhelimathes

          • flattened acelomate

        • rotifiera

          • corona, pseduocoleomate

        • Mollusca

          • mantle, viseral mass, foot

          • radula, belt of teeth for eating

        • Annelida

          • earthworms

          • smnall segmented rings

      • ecdysosis

        • nematoda

          • cuticle

          • pseduocoelomate

        • arthopoda

          • jointed appendages

          • specialized segments

          • chitinous exoskeleton

Duetrostomia descents

DT: deutrodevelopment, located within nephrozoa

• descendents:

  • echinodermata

    • sea stars and urchins

    • calcium carbonate endoskeleton

    • water vascular system

  • chordata

proteostomia descendents

• proteostomia

  • DT: proteodevelopment

  • descendents

    • spiralia

      • playthyhelimathes

        • flattened acelomate

      • rotifiera

        • corona, pseduocoleomate

      • Mollusca

        • mantle, viseral mass, foot

        • radula, belt of teeth for eating

      • Annelida

        • earthworms

        • smnall segmented rings

    • ecdysosis

      • nematoda

        • cuticle

        • pseduocoelomate

      • arthopoda

        • jointed appendages

        • specialized segments

        • chitinous exoskeleton

descendents of spirlia

located within nephroza, inside that is proteostomia, and inside that is spirlia

• playthyhelimathes

  • flattened acelomate

• rotifiera

  • corona, pseduocoleomate

• Mollusca

  • mantle, viseral mass, foot

  • radula, belt of teeth for eating

• Annelida

  • earthworms

  • smnall segmented rings

Descendents of Ecdysosis

• nematoda

  • cuticle

  • pseduocoelomate

• arthopoda

  • jointed appendages

  • specialized segments

  • chitinous exoskeleton

phylum porifera

• basal metazoan

• asymmetrical no tissues

• chanocytes - collar cells used to ingest bacteria

phylum cnidaria

• basal eutmetazoans

• radial symmetry

• cindoocytes - stinging cells

• diploblastic and gastrovasuclar cavity

echinodermata

• SDT: radial, indeterminate cleavage, blasteopore becomes anus

• water vasular system

• calcium carbonate skeleton

chordata

• SDT: radial, indeterminate cleavage, blasteopore becomes anus

• dorsal hallow notochord

• notochord

• post anal tail

• pharygenal slit

• 1 hox cluster

notochord

flexible support rod, becomes veterbral column in vertebrates

dorsal hollow nerve chord

becomes brain and spinal chord, CNS

post anal tail

tail extends past anus, helps propulsion

pharyngeal slits

develops into head and neck structures

deutrostomes

• come from deuterostomes, and their DT

• basal taxa is echinodermata

  • calcium carbonate exoskeleton

  • watervascular system

chordata

• dt:

  • notochord

  • pharygeal slits

  • dorsal hollow nerve chord

  • post anus tail

veterbrae

• derived traits

  • veterbrae used to replace nerve chord

  • 2+ hox cluster

gnathostomes

• hinged jaw

• bony skeleton

• 4+ hox clusters

osterichocytes

derived traits

• lungs or swim bladder

lobe fins

derived trait is musclar fins

tetrapods

• 4 limbs with digits

• neck

• fused pelvic girdle

amniyotes

derived traits

• ribe cage ventilation (breathing with lungs)

• amniyotic egg

  • prevents water loss and desciation

descendents

• mammals

  • mammary glands

  • endothermy (internal heat regulation)

  • give birth while young

Mammals

• mammal glands for milk production

• endothermy - internal heat regulation

• eutherians

  • complex placenta

  • long gestation

• primates

  • detrived traits: large brain, forward facing eyes, high parental care

  • fully opposable thumbs

seq plant evolution

1. green plants (virdiplantae)

2. streptophyta (charophytes + land plants)

   1. sporopollenin adaptation formed to prevent desiccation

3. embryophytes (land plants): colonization of land

   1. derived traits: cuticle (waxy sealant), stomata, alternation of generations

4. Vascular Plants

   1. derived adaptations include ligin, roots, leaves, xylem/phloem

nonvascular plants

• basal

• small

• rely on diffusion/osmois

• gametophyte dominant