Building Materials I: Fundamentals and Properties

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the properties, classification, and chemical compositions of building materials, including ceramics, glass, stone, and binders as discussed in the lecture.

__________ properties of building materials include absorption, solubility, and conductivity.

Physical

The __________ composition of a material refers to the relative content of different solid, liquid, and gaseous phases.

phase

A __________ macrostructure is characteristic of mineral binding substances in their loose state.

powder

Materials with a __________ structure, such as wood or wool, exhibit anisotropic properties.

fibrous

Internal structures characterized by __________ bonds possess high strength and high melting points, as seen in steel.

covalent

The formula for bulk density is $\rho_0 = \frac{m}{V_0}$, where the unit of measurement is __________.

$$kg/m^3$$

__________ density is the mass of a unit volume of a material in its absolute state, excluding the volume of pores.

Specific

The relative porosity ($p$) of a material is calculated as $1 - d$, where $d$ represents the __________.

relative density

__________ pores are those that can be filled with water under normal or specific conditions.

Open

Pores with a radius of $10$ to $100$ nanometers that fill with water through condensation are called __________.

microcapillary

Clay blocks with a dimensional difference of $\neq 1$ are classified as __________ Quality.

First

Gross bulk density ($S_0 \text{ брутно}$) includes the volume of __________ in the calculation.

geometric voids

The property of materials to conduct heat through their volume when a temperature difference exists is called __________.

thermal conductivity

A material is defined as __________ if it only burns or smolders in the presence of an open flame.

hard-to-burn

Materials that melt at a temperature above $1530^{\circ}C$ are classified as __________ materials.

refractory (or difficult-to-melt)

__________ is the property of materials to absorb water vapor from the air when the relative humidity is above 30%.

Hygroscopicity

The saturation coefficient ($k_B$) is used as an indirect assessment of __________, where a value below 0.8 is considered resistant.

frost resistance

Frost resistance is measured by the relative loss of mass ($Δm$) and the relative loss of __________ ($ΔR$) after cyclic freezing and thawing.

strength

__________ rocks like limestone and dolomite are formed through chemical precipitation in water basins.

Chemical sedimentary

The __________ surface finish of stone is achieved using abrasive paste and results in a mirror-like shine.

polished

__________ is the property that allows a material to restore its original shape after a load is removed.

Elasticity

The __________ rheological model consists of a parallel arrangement of elastic and plastic elements.

Kelvin

The increase in deformation over time under a constant, long-term load is known as __________.

creep

The __________ scale is used to determine the hardness of mineral building materials.

Mohs

__________ is a ceramic product fired at temperatures above $1420^{\circ}C$, resulting in 0% water absorption and acid resistance.

Porcelain

At a temperature of $160^{\circ}C$, gypsum ($CaSO_4 \cdot 2H_2O$) transforms into __________.

$$\beta - CaSO_4 \cdot 0.5H_2O$$

__________ glass has a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion due to the presence of Boron oxide ($B_2O$).

Borosilicate

Self-cleaning glass features a coating of __________ that is approximately 15 micrometers thick.

Titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$)

The thermal decomposition of limestone ($CaCO_3$) at $1000^{\circ}C$ produces __________.

quicklime ($CaO$)

In Portland cement, an increased content of __________ ($SiO_2$) leads to higher final strength and improved chemical resistance.

silicon dioxide