Kaplan 2021-2022 MCAT Psychology Chapter 8

What is Social Facilitation?

The tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around

What is Deindividuation?

A loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior

What is The Bystander Effect?

The observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

What is Peer Pressure?

The social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals

Is group decision making and individual decision making the same?

No, group decision making may differ from individual decision making

What is Group Polarization?

The tendency toward making decisions in a group that are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

What is Groupthink?

The tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas.

In groupthink, how may ethics be disturbed?

As pressure is created to conform and remain loyal to the group, ethics of an individual may be disturbed

What is Culture?

The beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

What is Assimilation?

The process by which a group or individual's culture begins to melt into another culture

What is Multiculturalism?

The encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

What are Subcultures?

A group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong

What is Socialization?

The process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

What are Norms?

They are the determiners of the boundaries of acceptable behavior within society

What are the Agents of Socialization?

Family, peers, school, religious affiliation, and other groups that promote socialization

What is a Stigma?

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

What is Deviance?

The referal to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

What is Conformity?

The changing of beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society

What is Compliance?

The occurrence when individuals change their behaviors based on the requests of others

What are the various methods of gaining compliance?

The foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that's-not-all technique, to name a few

What is Obedience?

A change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure

What are Attitudes?

Tendencies toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of something

What are the different components to attitudes?

The components are affective, behavioral, and cognitive

What is the Functional Attitudes Theory?

There are four functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense

What does the learning theory state?

That attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning

What does the elaboration likelihood model state?

That Attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration

What are the different routes of information processing in the elaboration likelihood model?

Central Route Processing and Peripheral Route Processing

What does the Social Cognitive Theory state?

That attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors, and environment

What's the Foot-in-the-Door Technique?

Begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made

What's the Door-in-the-Face Technique?

The opposite of the foot-in-the-door technique, a large request is made at first, and if refused, a second smaller request is made

What's the Lowball Technique?

The requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment

What's the That's-not-All Technique?

An individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected

What is Primary socialization?

occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity

What is Secondary Socialization?

The process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society

What is Anticipatory Socialization?

The process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships

What is Resocialization?

Another process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones, typically through intensive retraining, it can have positive or negative connotations

What are the four functional areas of the functional attitudes theory?

Knowledge, adaptability, ego expression, and ego defense