Bio 1031 Final - Auburn University

Phylum Porifera

"pore bearers", most asymmetric, no true tissues, multicellular, have internal skeletons, mostly sessile (non-motile), reproduce sexually and/or assexually.

Sponge types in increasing complexity

Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies

Phylum Cnidaria

Have true tissues, radial symmetry, cnidocytes, sessile (non-motile) or planktonic (limited locomotion), polyp (sessile) -> medusa (motile)

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Hydrozoa

Hydroids, solitary or colonial polyps, can have polyps and medusae in life cycle

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Scyphozoa

Jellyfish, solitary and large medusae, polyps either reduced or completely absent in life cycle

Phylum Cnidaria: Class Anthozoa

Sea anemones and corals, solitary or colonial polyps, no medusae in life cycle

Obelia spp.

Class Hydrozoa, colonial marine organism.

Portuguese Man-o-War

Colonial, Both polyps and medusae in a colony have superficial resemblance to just a large medusa!

Bilateria: Acoelomates

No body cavity

Bilateria: Pseudocoelomates

Body cavity bound by mesoderm on one side, endoderm on the other

Bilateria: Coelomates (eucoelomates)

Body cavity surrounded by mesoderm only on both sides

Bilateria: Protostomia

"Mouth first", the mouth forms from the blastopore.

Bilateria: Deuterostomia

"Mouth second", the anus forms from the blastopore, humans are deuterostomes

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Bilateria, flatworms, Acoelomate, Dorsoventral flattening, most are parasitic, hermaphroditic.

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms (Annelid = segmented), use coelem for hydrostatic skeleton (flexible skeleton made of fluid-filled compartments), closed circulatory system, most have setae (chitinous bristles)

Platyhelminthes Classes

Class Turbellaria - planarians, Class Cestoda - tapeworms, Class Trematoda - flukes

Annelida Classes

Class Polychata - polychaetes (many hairs), Class Oligochatea - earthworms (oligo = few), Class Hirudinea - leeches

Clamworm

Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta, distinct head with tentacles, eyes, and jaws, fleshy parapodia on segments

Earthworm

Phylum Annelida, Class Oligochaeta, has Clitellum (band used in mating)

Leech

Phylum Annelida, Class Hirudinea

Phylum Mollusca

2nd most diverse phylum of animals, Unsegmented, Coelomate, Complete digestive system, muscular foot, mantle, most have a radula (rasping tongue with chitinous teeth)

Mollusca Classes

Class Polyplacophora (chitons),

Class Gastropoda (gastropods (snails, slugs)),

Class Bivalvia (bivalves (scallops, oysters),

Class Cephalopoda (cephalopods (octopuses, squid))

Ecdysozoa

Supergroup of protostomes; characterized by periodic molting (ecdysis) of their exoskeleton (cuticle). Include the roundworms and arthropods.

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms, Ecdysis - periodic shedding of cuticle (energetically expensive/costly and actually prevents growth), pseudocoelomate, dioecious (male/female parts in seperate individuals), longitudinal muscles, many free living, many parasites.

C. elegans

Free-living, transparent nematode. 1mm long in soil.

Ascaris

Genus of roundworm parasites that live in the intestines of pigs, horses, and humans

Vinegar Eels

Phylum Nematoda

Ascaris (roundworm) cross section

(cuticle is outer skin)

Class Arachnida

Arthropoda, chelicerae with fangs, pedipalps (used by males in mating), 4 pairs of legs, unsegmented abdomen with spinnerets for silk.

Class Merostomata

Horseshoe crabs, large cephalothorax, has chelicerae, pedipalps, and legs, book gills, telson

Phylum Arthropoda

#1 most diverse phylum of animals, > 1 million named species, over half of the species are insects

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

ex: Horseshoe crabs and arachnids, cephalothorax and abdomen, on cephalothorax paired chelicerae (mouthparts), paired pedipalps (sensing, food manipulation, transfer of sperm)

Subphylum Myriapoda

ex: centipedes and millipedes, head and multisegmented trunk, head has 1 pair of antennae and paired mandibles, legs on trunk either 1 or 2 pairs per segment, appendages are unbranched, most have tracheal respiratory system with spiracles (to breathe).

Subphylum/Class Crustacea

ex: crabs, lobsters, barnacles, on cephalothorax, 2 pairs of antennae, paired mandibles, most have 5 pairs of chelate, pincher-like, appendages, abdomen has appendages called swimmerets. Appendages are biramous (two-branched)

Subphylum Hexapoda

ex: insects "6 feet", only one class "insecta" (LARGEST NUMBER OF DESCRIBED SPECIES), head, thorax, abdomen. Appendages are uniramous (unbranched). Most have tracheal respiratory system with spiracles.

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Diplopoda

Millipedes (2 pairs of legs per segment)

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda

Centipedes, ( 1 pair of legs per trunk segment), venom claws on trunk segment nearest the head.

Phylum Echinodermata

Coelomate, Unsegmented, Pentamerous radial symmetry, water vascular system, dermal endoskeleton with spines that extend through skin.

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Asteroidea

Sea stars; starfish, 5 arms, madreporite, central disc where arms meet, mouth for feeding, tube feet for attachment

Madreporite

light-colored, distinct opening used to filter water in asteroidea

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars, 5 arms, central disc with sperentine arms

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Echinoidea

Sea urchins and sand dollars, mouth is called aristotle's lantern in sea urchins (has a jaw)

Phylum Echinodermata - Class Holothuroidea

Sea cucumbers, not sedentary just slow, tentacles at mouth, cloaca and vent at anus, radial muscles, alimentary canal (intestines) thick, gonads are thinner and orange, respiratory trees very thin and highly branched.

Tapeworm Structures

earthworm cross section

4 defining traits of phylum chordata

Dorsal, tubular nerve cord

Notochord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Postanal tail

Subphylum Urochordata

Chordata, tunicates (sea squirts)

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Chordata, lancelets and Amphioxus

Subphylum Vertebrata

Chordata, vertebrates

Class Agnatha

Chordata, Subphylum vertebrata, jawless fish (lampreys, hagfishes, etc.)

Class Chondrichthyes

Chordata, Subphylum vertebrata, cartilaginous fish (sharks, skates, rays)

Class Osteichthyes

Chordata, Subphylum vertebrata, bony fish with paired fins

Class Amphibia

Chordata, Subphylum vertebrata, two pairs of legs; smooth skin (frogs, salamanders, etc.)

Class Mammalia

Chordata, Subphylum vertebrata, hair, mammary glands, 2 paired appendages

Cyclostome

Jawless Vertebrate

Gnathostome

Jawed Vertebrate

Tympanum

Eardrum on frog

Paedomorphosis

Larval characteristics retained in adult

Plastron

Ventral plate on turtle

Carapace

Dorsal plate on turtle

Smooth muscle

not striated; single nucleus

Cardiac muscle

many striations; intercalated discs; 1 nucleus per cell

Skeletal muscle

many nuclei; many striations

Digastricus

Masseter

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Pectoralis major

External oblique

Triceps femoris rat

Gracilis rat

Acromiotrapezius

Spinodeltoideus

Latissimus dorsi

Gluteus maximus

Gastrocnemius

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Vertebrate

Femur

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Phalanges

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Mandible

Blood smear labels

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

rat reproductive system male

rat reproductive system female

cross section of mammalian testes

rat excretory system

kidney model