HSCI 1200 Lab Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary terms and definitions from the HSCI 1200 Lab Final Exam Study Guide covering units 2 through 14.

Scientific Method

An organized way used to answer a research question involving steps like hypothesis, method, analysis, and conclusion.

Hypothesis

A prediction or statement that can be tested; it is either rejected or failed to be rejected.

Quantitative Method

A research method that uses numbers and data.

Qualitative Method

A research method that uses interviews or descriptions.

Mixed Methods

A research approach that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Clostridium perfringens

The bacteria linked to the Coyote Manufacturing Picnic outbreak, often resulting from improper food storage or cooking.

Agent

The cause of disease, such as a bacteria, virus, parasite, or toxin.

Host

The person or organism that gets the disease.

Environment

The place or condition where a disease lives, spreads, or thrives.

Precontemplation

The first stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is not yet thinking about making a change.

Contemplation

The stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is thinking about making a change.

Preparation/Planning

The stage of the Transtheoretical Model involving getting ready and making a plan or target date for change.

Action

The stage of the Transtheoretical Model where an individual is actively doing the new behavior.

Maintenance

The stage of the Transtheoretical Model where the healthy behavior is continued over time.

Relapse

Returning to old behaviors after attempting change; a person can restart the stages from this point.

Predisposing Factors

Personal factors influencing behavior such as age, biological sex, culture, knowledge, and beliefs.

Enabling Factors

Factors that make change possible, including money, transportation, access to resources, and supportive policies.

Reinforcing Factors

Rewards or responses like praise and encouragement that encourage a behavior to recur.

Essential Fat

Fat needed for insulation and normal function; approximately $3\%$ for men and $12\%$ for women.

Storage Fat

Fat stored in adipose tissue providing energy and organ protection; approximately $12\%$ for men and $15\%$ for women.

Apple Shape

Body shape characterized by weight around the abdomen, linked to higher risk for diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

Pear Shape

Body shape characterized by weight around the hips and thighs, generally presenting lower health risk than carrying weight in the abdomen.

Lean Body Weight

Total body weight minus storage fat; a measurement often used for males.

Minimal Body Weight

The lowest healthy weight without risking health; a measurement often used for females.

BMI (Body Mass Index)

A measure of weight in relation to height; a healthy range is about $19\text{--}25$.

Setpoint Weight

The weight the body naturally tries to defend, affected by genetics, diet, and exercise.

Osteoporosis

Low bone mass and bone tissue deterioration which increases the risk of fractures.

Fat Caloric Density

$$9\,kcal/g$$

Protein and Carbohydrate Caloric Density

$$4\,kcal/g$$

Alcohol Caloric Density

$$7\,kcal/g$$

Fiber Recommended Intake

$25\text{--}60\,g/day$; helps protect against constipation, heart disease, and colon cancer.

Saturated Fat

Fat usually from animal sources that is solid at room temperature and can raise cholesterol.

Unsaturated Fat

Fat usually from plant sources that is liquid at room temperature; includes olive oil and avocados.

Trans Fat

Unhealthy fat made through hydrogenation that raises LDL cholesterol.

DRI

Dietary Reference Intakes; guidelines for necessary nutrient amounts.

Healthy Blood Pressure

A level recorded around $120/80\,mmHg$.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in the arteries that narrows them and reduces blood flow.

Aneurysm

The ballooning or weakening of an artery wall.

Stroke

Occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

Heart Attack

Occurs when blood supply to part of the heart is blocked, often via a coronary artery.

Eustress

Good stress, such as a promotion or positive challenge.

Distress

Bad stress, such as losing a job or overwhelming pressure.

Alarm Reaction

The first stage of chronic stress involving the fight-or-flight response and release of adrenaline.

Resistance Stage

The second stage of chronic stress where the body tries to return to normal while stress continues.

Exhaustion Stage

The third stage of chronic stress where the body can no longer keep up, potentially leading to illness.

TDS Standard

Total Dissolved Solids limit of $500\,mg/L$.

Nitrates Standard

Environmental water standard of $10\,mg/L$.

Fluoride Standard

Environmental water standard of $4\,mg/L$.

Coliform Bacteria Standard

$0\text{ colonies per } 100\ text{ mL}$.

Turbidity Standard

$5\text{ NTUs}$.

Sound Occupational Standard

Average less than $90\,dBA$ for $8\text{ hours}$.

Point Source Pollution

Pollution coming from one clear source, like a factory pipe or oil refinery.

Non-Point Source Pollution

Pollution from spread-out sources, like agricultural runoff or fertilizers.

Moderate Drinking (Women)

$1\text{ drink per day}$ ($7\text{ per week}$).

Moderate Drinking (Men)

$2\text{ drinks per day}$ ($14\text{ per week}$).

Carbon Monoxide

An invisible, odorless, poisonous gas in cigarette smoke that reduces the oxygen-carrying ability of red blood cells.

Emphysema

A lung disease that destroys the alveoli, hindering oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.

Fertilization

The process that usually occurs in the fallopian tubes/oviducts.

Pregnancy Rate without Birth Control

Approximately $85\text{ pregnancies per } 100\text{ women per year}$.

Emergency Contraception

Synthetic progestin pills (Plan B) taken within $72\text{--}120\text{ hours}$ after intercourse to prevent ovulation; not the "abortion pill."

Asymptomatic

A condition where an infected person shows no signs or symptoms of a disease, common in many STIs.

Chlamydia

A bacterial, curable STI that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if untreated.

HPV

The most common viral STI; vaccines can prevent related cancers and genital warts.

HIV

A virus that attacks white blood cells and weakens the immune system.