New Zealand Early Encounters & Treaty of Waitangi

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering early European contacts in New Zealand and the formation and articles of the Treaty of Waitangi.

Abel Tasman ($1642$)

The first European to reach New Zealand; he arrived at Golden Bay and left without landing after four Dutch sailors were killed in conflict with M■ori.

James Cook ($1769$)

British explorer who accurately mapped New Zealand, stayed for months, and traded with M■ori, resulting in increased European interest.

Jean de Surville ($1769$)

French explorer who damaged M■ori-European relationships by kidnapping a M■ori chief due to a misunderstanding.

Marion du Fresne ($1772$)

French explorer who was initially friendly but later killed, leading to French retaliation and increased distrust between the groups.

Sealers and Whalers ($1790\text{s}$–$1840\text{s}$)

Groups that hunted for oil and fur; they introduced positive trade for tools and muskets, but had negative effects including disease, alcohol, and wildlife decline.

Missionaries ($1814$)

Group including Samuel Marsden who established the first mission and spread Christianity, literacy, and new ideas.

Hongi Hika

Ng■puhi chief who obtained muskets in England, which increased the Musket Wars and shifted the power balance among tribes.

Musket Wars ($1820\text{s}$–$1830\text{s}$)

Conflicts caused by the introduction of muskets and tribal rivalry that resulted in thousands of deaths and displacement.

Te Rauparaha

Ng■ti Toa chief who led migrations south and expanded his territory during the Musket Wars.

Te Wherowhero

Waikato chief who defended iwi and later became the first M■ori King.

He Whakaputanga ($1835$)

The Declaration of Independence signed by $52$ chiefs, declaring M■ori authority and independence.

James Busby

British Resident who assisted in the creation of He Whakaputanga and the Treaty of Waitangi process.

Henry Williams

Missionary who was responsible for translating the Treaty into the M■ori language.

William Hobson

British representative and first Governor who led the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

Treaty of Waitangi ($1840$)

Signed on $6$ Feb $1840$; M■ori signed for protection and trade, while Britain signed for control and law.

Article $1$ (Treaty of Waitangi)

In English, M■ori gave sovereignty to Britain; in M■ori, they gave kawanatanga (governance), a difference that caused misunderstanding.

Article $2$ (Treaty of Waitangi)

In English, it guaranteed M■ori ownership of land and resources; in M■ori, it guaranteed tino rangatiratanga (full authority).

Article $3$ (Treaty of Waitangi)

Stated that M■ori were given the rights of British citizens under the law.

T■mati W■ka Nene

Ng■puhi chief who supported the signing of the Treaty for trade and protection.

H■ne Heke

Individual who signed the Treaty of Waitangi but later grew to oppose British actions.

Kawanatanga

The M■ori word used in Article $1$ of the Treaty that translates to governance.

Tino rangatiratanga

The M■ori word used in Article $2$ of the Treaty that translates to full authority.