APHG Unit 6

Urban

city with high population Example: New York City

Suburban

residential area outside the city Example: suburbs outside Atlanta

Rural

countryside with low population Example: farms in Kansas

Ecumene

permanently inhabited areas of Earth Example: Eastern United States

Settlement

place where people live Example: town or village

Central Business District (CBD)

main business area of a city Example: downtown Manhattan

Site Factors

physical features of a place Example: near a river

Situation Factors

location relative to other places Example: near trade routes

Urbanization

increase in people living in cities Example: city growth in China

Industrial Revolution

shift to factory production Example: factories in England

World City

globally important economic city Example: New York

Megacity

city with over 10 million people Example: Tokyo

Globalization

increasing global connections Example: international trade

Wallerstein Core

wealthy and developed countries Example: United States

Periphery

poor and less developed countries Example: many African countries

Semi-periphery

countries in between Example: Mexico

Rank-Size Rule

city sizes follow a pattern Example: 1st city is twice as big as 2nd

Primate City Rule

one city dominates a country Example: Paris

Gravity Model

closer places interact more Example: nearby cities trade more

Central Place Theory

explains location of cities and services Example: stores placed where people can reach them

Range

maximum distance people travel for a service Example: traveling far for a hospital

Threshold

minimum number of customers needed Example: small town cannot support a mall

Hierarchy

ranking of services by importance Example: gas station vs hospital

Suburbanization

movement of people to suburbs Example: Americans moving outside cities

Counterurbanization

movement to rural areas Example: people leaving cities

Decentralization

movement away from city center Example: businesses leaving downtown

Edge City

business area outside CBD Example: Tyson’s Corner, Virginia

Urban Sprawl

uncontrolled expansion of cities Example: cities spreading into farmland

Inner City

older, poorer area near CBD Example: low

Ghetto

segregated minority neighborhood Example: historically Black neighborhoods

Redlining

denying loans based on race/location Example: banks avoiding minority areas

Blockbusting

scaring people to sell homes Example: panic selling by homeowners

Gentrification

wealthier people move in and raise prices Example: Brooklyn, NYC

Sustainability

using resources without harming future Example: green cities

Smart Growth

controlled urban development Example: mixed

New Urbanism

walkable city design Example: neighborhoods with shops nearby

Greenbelt

land where development is restricted Example: London

Basic Sector

jobs that bring money into a city Example: factories exporting goods

Non- Basic Sector

local service jobs Example: restaurants

Multiplier Effect

one job creates more jobs Example: factory leads to more stores

Density Gradient

population decreases away from CBD Example: crowded downtown, less crowded suburbs

Deglomeration

businesses leave crowded cities Example: companies moving to suburbs

Megacity

A city with over 10 million people.

Example: Mumbai, India

Metacity

City with over 20 million people.

Example: Tokyo

Boomburb

A suburb growing as fast as a city.

Example: Mesa, Arizona

Exurb

Weathy are beyond the suburbs.
Example: Farmland houses outside DC

Forward Capital

Moving a capital to spark growth.
Example: Brasilia, Brazil

Mixed-Use

Building with shops on bottom and homes on top.

Example: Apartments above a Starbucks

Infilling

Buildings on empty lots inside the city.
Example: Apartments built on an old parking lot

Walkability

How easy it is to live without a car.

Example: European city centers

Disamenity Zone

Very Poor areas, often run by gangs

Squatter Settlement

Illegal housing on the edge of cities

Example: Shanty towns in Lima, Peru

Zoning

Goverment laws on how land is used

DINKs

Double income no kids

Example: Young professionals in luxury condos

SINKs

Single income no kids

Example: A single persion living in a studio in a city

Yuppie

Young urban professional

Example: Tech workers

Food Desert

Area with no healthy grocery store

Threshold

Minimum customers to keep a business alive

Range

How far you travel for a service

Metropolitan Area

A city and all its connected suburbs

Infrastructure

Build things that help a city function

Example: Roads, sewers, powerlines

Hamlet

Tiny cluster of a few houses 🏠 Example: A crossroad with 5 homes

Village

Small group of people, maybe one store 🏘 Example: A rural farming community

Town

Has a local school, grocery store, hospitals

City

Large population with many speicalized services like hospitals and malls

Metropolis

A large city that dominates a whole region 🏙 Example: Atlanta, Georgia

Megalopolis

A chain of connected big cities 🔗 Example: BosWash (Boston to D.C.)

Blockbusting

Real estate agents scare white homeowners by telling them black families are moving in, so the white homeowners sell their houses quickly for cheap.