Med Surg Unit 2 Exam

Cause of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

Atherosclerosis that narrows arteries and decreases blood flow to the extremities.

Cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)

Stiffening of the ventricles due to fibrosis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, or other infiltrative diseases.

Discharge teaching for client with valvular heart disease

Take medications as prescribed, maintain good dental hygiene, monitor for signs of heart failure or infection, and keep follow-up appointments.

Hypoglycemic episode education

Recognize symptoms (sweating, shakiness, confusion), carry fast-acting carbohydrates, and use the 15-15 rule.

Risk factors for developing pericarditis

Viral infections, myocardial infarction, cardiac surgery, autoimmune disorders, and kidney failure.

Type 1 DM cause (1)

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Type 1 DM cause (2)

Genetic predisposition with environmental triggers.

Bradycardia heart rate

Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.

Cause of tachycardia

Fever, pain, anxiety, dehydration, hyperthyroidism, or stimulant use.

Complication of thyroid storm

Heart failure, dysrhythmias, shock, or death.

Diabetes insipidus

Excessive urination, excessive thirst, dehydration, hypernatremia, and dilute urine.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (1)

Hyperglycemia, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (2)

Fruity breath odor, Kussmaul respirations, dehydration, and altered mental status.

Hyperthyroidism

Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, nervousness, tremors, and increased appetite.

Hyponatremia related to SIADH (1)

Headache, confusion, and lethargy.

Hyponatremia related to SIADH (2)

Muscle cramps, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness.

Myxedema coma (hypothyroidism)

Severe hypothyroidism causing hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension, and decreased consciousness.

Peripheral venous disease

Edema, aching pain, brown skin discoloration, and venous stasis ulcers.

Sign of SIADH worsening condition

Seizures or worsening neurological status from severe hyponatremia.

Symptomatic atrial fibrillation

Palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, or chest discomfort.

Thyroid storm

High fever, severe tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, and altered mental status.

Valvular heart disease

Heart murmur, fatigue, dyspnea, edema, and syncope.

Desmopressin lab value to watch

Serum sodium level.

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (1)

Measures average blood glucose over the previous 2–3 months.

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (2)

Goal for most diabetic patients is less than 7%.

Hypernatremia in relation to diabetes insipidus

Results from excessive water loss due to inadequate ADH.

Random blood glucose level for hyperglycemia

Greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL with symptoms of diabetes.

15-15 rule

Give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates, then recheck blood glucose in 15 minutes.

Assessing point of maximum impulse (PMI) location

Located at the 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line.

Client risk for developing Type 2 DM

Obesity, family history, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and advanced age.

Diabetes insipidus from pituitary tumor removal

Monitor intake/output, urine specific gravity, daily weight, and sodium levels.

Normal limits of heart rate

60–100 beats per minute.

Priority concern for atrial fibrillation client

Stroke caused by thromboembolism.

Priority intervention for DKA client

Initiate IV fluid replacement.

Priority intervention to prevent complications in SIADH client

Restrict fluid intake.

“Master gland”

Pituitary gland.

Balloon valvuloplasty procedure for mitral valve stenosis

A catheter balloon is inflated to widen the narrowed mitral valve.

Disorders originating from the adrenal glands

Addison's disease, Cushing syndrome, and pheochromocytoma.

Insulin hormone deficiency

Diabetes mellitus, especially Type 1 diabetes.

Myocardium

The thick muscular middle layer of the heart responsible for pumping blood.

Primary function of the endocrine system

Regulates body functions through hormone secretion.

Right ventricle anatomy

Chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Desmopressin (DDAVP) for central diabetes insipidus

Synthetic ADH that reduces urine output and prevents dehydration.

Desmopressin (lab value to watch)

Monitor serum sodium for hyponatremia.

Levothyroxine

Synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism; take on an empty stomach in the morning.