Cell Division and Genetic Variation

Flashcards covering key concepts related to cell division and genetic variation, including processes, checkpoints, and cellular functions.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, leading to genetic diversity.

Somatic Cells

Body cells that are not involved in reproduction and typically divide by mitosis.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, including DNA replication.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis, contributing to genetic variation.

Chiasma

The point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during crossing over.

G1 Checkpoint

A control mechanism in the cell cycle that checks for DNA damage, cell size, and nutrient availability.

G2 Checkpoint

A checkpoint that ensures DNA has been replicated correctly before proceeding to mitosis.

Genetic Variation

Differences in DNA sequences among individuals, arising from processes such as crossing over and independent assortment.