Substitution reactions

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Last updated 3:06 PM on 4/29/26
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27 Terms

1
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What occurs in a ligand substitution reaction?

One ligand is replaced by another

2
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What 2 ligands are a similar size?

  • NH3

  • H2O

3
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[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 6NH3 ⇌

(Excess ammonia)

[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 6H2O

4
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?
[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 6NH3 ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ + 6H2O

Before

  • Colour: Pink

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Pale brown

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

5
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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 →

[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2NH4

6
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] + 2NH4

Before

  • Colour: Pale blue

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Deep blue

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

7
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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 ⇌

(Excess ammonia)

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O

8
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 ⇌ [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4H2O

Before

  • Colour: Blue

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Deep blue

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

9
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + CO32- → CuCO3 + 6H2O

Before

  • Colour: Blue

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Blue-green precipitate

  • Co-ordination number: No longer a complex ion therefore no defined coordination number

  • Shape: No longer a complex ion therefore no defined shape

10
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What ion is larger than NH3 and H2O ligands?

Chloride ion, Cl-

11
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[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌

(Concentrated HCl)

[CoCl4]2- + 6H2O

12
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [CoCl4]2- + 6H2O

Before

  • Colour: Pink

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Blue

  • Co-ordination number: 4

  • Shape: Tetrahedral

13
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[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌

(Concentrated HCl)

[CuCl4]2- + 6H2O

14
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [CuCl4]2- + 6H2O

Before

  • Colour: Blue

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Yellow

  • Co-ordination number: 4

  • Shape: Tetrahedral

15
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[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 4Cl- ⇌

(Concentrated HCl)

[FeCl4]- + 6H2O

16
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?
[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [FeCl4]- + 6H2O

Before

  • Colour: Pale Yellow

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Deeper Yellow

  • Co-ordination number: 4

  • Shape: Tetrahedral

17
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What is the colour, co-ordination number and shape of the metal complex before and after this reaction?
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl- ⇌ [FeCl4]2- + 6H2O

Before

  • Colour: Pale green

  • Co-ordination number: 6

  • Shape: Octahedral

After

  • Colour: Yellow

  • Co-ordination number: 4

  • Shape: Tetrahedral

18
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Haem

An iron(II) complex with a multidentate ligand

19
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What is the co-ordination number of iron(II) in the haem unit?

4

20
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What is the shape around iron(II) in the haem unit?

Square planar

21
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What is Haem bound to?

A complex protein called globin

22
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What 2 ligands can bind to haem’s Iron(II) in the body?

  • H2O

  • O2

23
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What is the coordination number around the iron in oxyhaemoglobin?

6

24
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Describe what happens to haemoglobin in the lungs

  • In lungs high concentration of oxygen

  • Equilibrium shifts right

  • Water ligands are substituted for oxygen

  • Oxyhaemoglobin is formed

25
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Describe what happens to oxyhaemoglobin at the respiring tissue

  • Oxyhaemoglobin gives up O2 to a place where it is needed

  • Water takes the place of O2

  • Haemoglobin returns back to lungs to start process again

26
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How does Carbon monoxide poisoning occur?

  • When carbon monoxide is inhaled, the haemoglobin can substitute water ligands for carbon monoxide

  • The bond between carbon monoxide and iron(II) is very strong and not readily reversed

  • This prevents oxygen being bonded to haemoglobin, so CO is considered toxic

  • Leads to oxygen starvation in organs

27
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Chelate effect

Multidentate and bidentate ligands replace monodentate ligands to form more stable complexes