exam 3: Intelligence

Alfred Binet

developed the Binet-Simons test; first practical intelligence test to test children’s intellectual capacity → IQ test

Carol Dweck

looked at the differences between high IQ children who perform well and those who do not, so-called “under achievers.” → it is not gender or social class that sets apart the high and low performers. Instead, it is their mindset.

emotional intelligence

emphasizes the experience and expression of emotion

construct validity (group differences)

The use of poor-quality data and questionable measures can lead to inaccurate conclusions

cultural context of IQ tests (group differences)

test scores might reflect specific cultural knowledge rather than a universal cognitive ability, offering an alternative explanation for score differences between culturally diverse groups

socioeconomic disparities (group differences)

environmental factors play a larger role in IQ scores in lower-SES (socioeconomic status) families than in higher-SES families. In addition, factors such as parenting style and orderliness of the home, which are related to SES, can contribute to the development of children’s intelligence

stereotype threat

the examinee may perform worse if they believe that the social group that they belong to is stereotyped to “do poorly” on a task

fixed mindset/entity theory of intelligence

the belief that intelligence is a fixed, unchangeable trait

flynn effect

When new waves of people are asked to take older tests they tend to outperform the original sample from years ago on which the test was normed

Francis Galton

measured various physical characteristics such as grip strength but also some psychological attributes such as the ability to judge distance or discriminate between colors. This is an example of one of the earliest systematic measures of individual ability

g (general factor)

Charles Spearman, proposed the idea that intelligence was one thing, based on the observation that people who perform well in one intellectual area such as verbal ability also tend to perform well in other areas such as logic and reasoning

growth mindset/incremental theory of intelligence

developed by Carol Dweck, is the belief that intelligence is a malleable, growing quality that can be developed through effort, strategy, and perseverance

heritability of intelligence

Francis Galton thought intelligence was heritable in much the same way that height and eye color are

Howard Gardner

Harvard professor who is well-known for championing the notion that there are different types of intelligence

intelligence

An individual’s cognitive capability. This includes the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a score, typically obtained from a widely used measure of intelligence that is meant to rank a person’s intellectual ability against that of others

Multiple Intelligences

Gardner’s theory, based on the idea that people process information through different “channels” and these are relatively independent of one another.

1) logic-math, 2) visual-spatial, 3) music-rhythm, 4) verbal-linguistic, 5) bodily-kinesthetic, 6) interpersonal, 7) intrapersonal, and 8) naturalistic

normed

Assessments are given to a representative sample of a population to determine the range of scores for that population. These “norms” are then used to place an individual who takes that assessment on a range of scores in which he or she is compared to the population at large

standardized

Assessments that are given in the exact same manner to all people . With regards to intelligence tests standardized scores are individual scores that are computed to be referenced against normative scores for a population

stereotype threat

The phenomenon in which people are concerned that they will conform to a stereotype or that their performance does conform to that stereotype, especially in instances in which the stereotype is brought to their conscious awareness