Unit 3 Test: Nations Emerge & the World Erupts

four-course system of agriculture

- crop rotation

- increased food production

enclosure acts

- common land fenced off

- small farmers lost land

- city population grew

Britain's role in the industrial revolution

- first industrial nation

- lots of resources

- strong banking system

key early industries that drove the industrial revolution

- cotton

- iron

- coal

factory working conditions

- 12-16 hour shifts

- dangerous machines

- child labor

- low pay

industrialization and its impacts on urban areas

- rapid growth

- overcrowding

- pollution

- poor sanitation

goal of the Luddite Movement

stop machines replacing workers

methods of the Luddite Movement

rioted & broke machines

factory acts

- limited child labor

- better working hours

- safety regulations

Chartist Movement

- male suffrage

- secret ballots

- unsuccessful short-term

combination acts

- outlawed unions

- prevented worker strikes

treaty of paris

- france weakened, not destroyed

- borders reduced

congress of vienna

- restore monarchs

- balance of power

territorial changes during the concert of europe

- france loses land

- russia, prussia, austria gain land

german confederation

- led by austria

- group of 39 states

concert of europe

alliance to maintain peace & prevent revolutions

holy alliance

russia, prussia, austria

quintuple alliance

- russia, prussia, austria AND britain

- enforced peace in europe

troppau protocol

allowed intervention in revolutions

who led the metternich system?

klemens von metternich

goals of the Metternich System

- stop revolutions

- preserve monarchy

actions during the Metternich System

- censorship of the press

- secret police

- suppressed nationalism

wartburg festival

students protested in favor of liberalism

burshenschaften

student nationalist groups

carlsbad decrees

- censored press

- controlled universities

independence movements in belgium

- broke away from netherlands

- became independent state

independence movements in greece

- revolted against ottoman empire

- supported by europe

conservatism

- keep tradition

- monarchies = stability

edmund burke

- supported gradual change

- opposed french revolution

metternich

- anti-revolution

- pro monarch control

liberalism

- individual rights

- democratic

- constitutions

Why 1848 for so many liberal revolutions?

- time of economic crisis

- food shortage

- liberal/nationalist ideas spreading

charles x

conservative king

July ordinances

- censored press

- reduced voting rights

July Revolution

- "to the barricades"

- charles x overthrown

louis philippe

- "citizen king"

- liked wealthy citizens

banquets

political protest meetings

national workshops

jobs for the unemployed

louis napoleon

- took power by plebiscites (votes)

- emperor

prussian protests

demanded reform

frankfurt assembly

- attempted german unification

- failed

Grossdeutsch vs Kleindeutsch

big germany vs small germany

Frederick Wilhelm IV

refused crown because he said it was "from the gutter"

emperor after metternich resigned

franz joseph

hungary/czech revolts

- demanded independence

- serfdom abolished

Risorgimento

italian unification movement

Mazzini

revolutionary leader

Garibaldi

- led Redshirts

- unified southern italy

Why 1848 failed

- no unity between groups

- weak leaders

- military suppression

Cavour

- italian diplomatic leader

- allied with france

- used war to unify italy

Austro-Prussian War

italy gained venetia

Franco-Prussian War

italy gained rome

Zollverein

- economic union

- excluded austria

Bismarck

chancellor of prussia

Realpolitik

- war & diplomacy

- power politics

Denmark War

Took Schleswig-Holstein

Ems Dispatch

provoked france into war

German Empire formed

Kaiser = Wilhelm I

Kulturkampf

Conflict with Catholic Church

Renan

nation = shared history

NOT race or language

Socialism/Communism

- equal wealth

- end of class system

anarchism

no government

Haussmann

rebuilt paris

franco-prussian war

paris crushed violently

queen victoria

symbol of empire stability

Ausgleich

- compromise between austria & hungary in 1867

- formed dual monarchy

russia in late 19th century

- late to modernize --> weak industry

- tsar had power

- poor

- "russification": forced russian culture

ottoman empire

kept losing territory

darwin

evolution & natural selection

social darwinism

herbert spencer: survival of the fittest applied to nations

goals of imperialism

- resources

- power

methods of imperialism

- colonies

- military force

- control on trade

berlin conference

- divided africa

- only europeans, no african vote

king leopold II

- controlled congo privately

- forced labor, treated laborers poorly

Sepoy Rebellion

indian uprising against britain

opium wars

british forced trade

spheres of influence

outside control in one country

boxer rebellion

anti-foreign uprising

Commodore Perry

american who forced trade with japan

causes of WWI (MANIA)

Militarism

Alliances

Nationalism

Imperialism

Assassination

triple alliance

germany, austria-hungary, italy

triple entente

britain, france, russia

assassination in sarajevo

- archduke franz ferdinand & wife sophie

- by gavrilo princip

- june 28, 1914

domino effect into wwI

- german "blank check" to austria

- ultimatums to serbia

- mobilization

Schlieffen Plan

Germany invade France

battle of marne

stopped germany

forms of battle

trench warfare, submarine warfare

verdun/somme

mass casualties

gallipoli

failed ally attack

total war

- working women

- rationing

- war bonds

- spanish flu

- massive casualties

eastern front

russia vs. germany/austria

treaty of brest-litovsk

russia exits war

middle east

- armenan genocid

- british control gains

balfour declaration

jewish homeland support

us entry into wwI

- lusitania sinking

- zimmerman telegram

date of end of war

november 11, 1918

wilson's 14 points

fair peace plan

league of nations

peace organization

treaty of versailles

- harsh on germany

- war guilt clause

- US rejected treaty