Chapter 12: DNA Replication and Recombination

14N

which Nitrogen isotope will new DNA strands be found in the Meselson and Stahl’s experiments

intermediate

in the Meselson and Stahl’s experiments, a replication with the original DNA stand still present with the new strand is at what kind of Nitrogen isotope weight?

multiple

how many origins of replications do linear eukaryotes DNA have?

origin of replication

what is the oriC site in DNA

initiator proteins

what protein binds to the origin of replication

initiator proteins

what allows helicase and single strand binding proteins to bind to the single-strand DNA

unwinding

Initiator proteins cause - of a section of DNA

Single-strand binding proteins

What stabilizes the expose single strand of DNA

DNA gyrase

What relieves strain ahead of the replication fork?

DNA helicase

What breaks the hydrogen bonds and further unwinds DNA strands?

keep the helicase open

Single-stranded, DNA binding proteins - - - - for replication to occur

topoisomerase ii

DNA gyrase is a type of - - enzyme

double stranded

topoisomerase ii can make - - breaks and reform the phosphodiester bonds on two strands at once

topoisomerase i

what type of topoisomerase can make single-stranded breaks, and reform the phosphodiester bonds on one strand

triphosphate

Which phosphate form are free nucleotides in

5’ end

what is the site on the free nucleotide that binds to the 3’OH end of the growing chain

DNA polymerase

What enzyme adds new bases to the strand?

5-3 exonuclease

Which DNA polymerase I activity moves forward to remove nucleotides

5-3 polymerase

Which DNA polymerase I activity adds nucleotides to the free 3’OH of the growing chain

3'-5 exonuclease

Which DNA polymerase I activity moves in reverse to remove nucleotides and “proofread” the sequence

primer

the - is made up of RNA that offers a free 3’OH group to start replication

DNA polymerase I 5-3 exonuclease

what replaces the primer with DNA at the end of replication

DNA ligase

what closes gaps in the DNA nucleotide sequence after replication

same direction

whats the synthesis direction of the leading strand in relation to the replication fork’s direction?

opposite direction

whats the synthesis direction of the lagging strand in relation to the replication fork’s direction?

bidirectional

DNA replication is - in the replication bubble

sealing breaks

DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments by - - in the sugar phosphate backbone of newly synthesized DNA

5-3

both the leading strand and the lagging strand synthesize in what direction?

Reduce replication time

Eukaryotes with multiple origins of replications help with what?

RNAse H

What enzyme degrades the eukaryotic RNA primer during replication

Shorter

Chromosomes get progressively - with each round of replication

Protruding g rich end

Where does telomerase attach to in a telomere?

RNA primer

Telomerase extends DNA by filling in the gaps due to the removal of the - -

Shortening

In an organism’s mutated and nonfunctional telomerase, it would lead to the chromosomes - with each new generation

Proofreading

What process involves DNA polymerase to remove and replace incorrect pairs of nucleotides during replication

Mismatch repair system

What fixes mistakes in a double helix after replication

Base substitution

What gene mutation is a result from a change of one nucleotide base altering a single codon

Transition base substitution

What gene mutation is a result of an base substitution that does not change cyclic nitrogenous compound in DNA

Transversion base substitution

What gene mutation is a result of an base substitution that does change cyclic nitrogenous compound in DNA

Nucleotide insertion

What DNA mutation is a result of an insertion a nucleotide that alters the codon sequence following it

Nucleotide deletion

What DNA mutation is a result of an deletion a nucleotide that alters the codon sequence following it

Missence mutation

What gene mutation leads to the changes of amino acid

Nonsense mutation

What gene mutation leads to a early stop codon and premature termination of translation

Silent mutation

What gene mutation changes a codon without changing the amino acid

Somatic mutations

What gene mutation will pass on to new cells via mitosis

Germline mutations

What gene mutation will pass on to the nect generation