chapter 1 motor development

What is motor learning?

Relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience.

What does refining a skill involve?

Taking a skill we are already familiar with and improving it.

What is involved in learning to control a skill?

Learning to control the skill we already have.

What are the three aspects of motor control?

Neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement

What do neurologic pathways help achieve in motor control?

Coordinated movements between certain skills

How do we control movements in motor control?

By sending signals from our brain through specific neuro pathways

What is physical growth?

Quantitative increase in size or body mass.

When does physical growth occur?

From conception to our early 20s.

How is physical growth related to age?

Physical growth is related to our age.

Does weight gain count as growth or development?

Weight gain would not be considered a growth of development.

What does maturation refer to in biological terms?

Qualitative advance in biological makeup.

What is a key aspect of maturation related to body systems?

Functional integration of our body system.

What does maturation enable us to do?

Accomplish certain goals.

What is an example of maturation in cell function?

Reproductive cells do not mature enough to reproduce in a child.

What is aging?

A process occurring with the passage of time, leading to loss of adaptability or full function and eventually to death.

What factors can influence aging?

Environmental effects and personal choices.

Is aging the same for every individual?

No, aging can be different regarding the individual.

Newell's Model

suggests movements arise from the interactions of the organism, the environment, and the task to be undertaken. if any of these factors change, the resultant movement changes.

What is one effect of Newell's Model of Constraints on movement patterns?

It can allow other movement patterns.

Is Newell's Model of Constraints always negative?

No, it is not always negative.

What does Newell's Model of Constraints do to certain movements?

It can discourage or limit certain movements.

What does Newell's Model of Constraints do to other movements?

It can encourage or permit other movements.

How does Newell's Model of Constraints influence movements?

It shapes movements to the action.

What are individual constraints?

Factors that influence how we function physically and adapt to different situations.

What are unique individual characteristics?

The internal physical and mental characteristics of a person.

What are structural constraints?

Constraints related to the body's structure, such as height and muscle mass.

What are functional constraints?

Constraints related to behavioral functions, such as attention, motivation, and emotional behaviors.

How do changes in individual constraints affect the Newell model?

Changing things within the perspective of the individual will affect other areas of the Newell model.

Environmental Constraints

-properties of the environment: external

global, not task specific

-physical:gravity, surfaces

-sociocultural: gender roles, cultural norms

What are task constraints?

Specific task requirements or goals

Are task constraints related to the individual?

No, they are not related to the individual

What do task constraints relate to?

They relate specifically to tasks or skills

What is the goal of task constraints?

The goal of the task

What do task constraints include?

Rules guiding task performance

What type of resources can be considered in task constraints?

Equipment

What must be identified in the interaction of constraints?

Individual, environmental, and task constraints

What must be examined in the interaction of constraints?

Interactions among constraints

How do constraints affect the individual?

They all interact and affect the individual

What are disabilities in the context of atypical development?

Differences in structural and functional individual constraints.

What must be considered when examining atypical development?

All interacting constraints.

What can atypical development result in?

Delayed or different motor development.

arrested development

failure to develop beyond a particular point of development

Developmental Trajectory

common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person's age

What can we plot to visualize change in behavior over time?

The change in behavior over time or age.

What is represented on the horizontal axis of a developmental trajectory graph?

Time or age.

What is represented on the vertical axis of a developmental trajectory graph?

Behavior, with 'more advanced' at the top.

What are curves that show change in behavior over time called?

Developmental trajectories.

What does a developmental trajectory provide?

A visual picture of what's happening with the developmental process.

motor development

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action

cognitive development

the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

Social Development

the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

What is a longitudinal study?

An individual or group is observed over time.

What is a characteristic of longitudinal studies regarding observation duration?

They can require lengthy observation.

What is a benefit of conducting a longitudinal study?

It provides quality data and allows observation of all interventions and interactions.

What is a characteristic of a cross-sectional study regarding the observation of individuals?

Individuals or groups of different ages are observed.

What type of change is inferred in a cross-sectional study?

Change is inferred, not actually observed.

What is the duration of data collection in a cross-sectional study?

Data of one year.

How does the length of a cross-sectional study compare to other study types?

Less length of study.

What factor could skew the data in a cross-sectional study?

Intervention of technology.

Sequential or mixed longitudinal

mini-longitudinal studies with overlapping ages

§ 3 years of data within one year

§ Get more data quicker

What is a meta-analysis?

A statistical technique that integrates the effects observed in many studies into one or more generalizable estimates of an effect.

What is the process of conducting a meta-analysis?

Look for and gather research papers on a certain subject, find similar ones, and analyze specific markers in motor development.

Review Paper

Many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted

review and meta

analysis are sometimes combined