ap world units

unit 1 Global Tapestry

1200-1450

state building & formation and how they maintain/justify rule

comparing states

• asia, south/east asia, africa, europe, americas

1.1 east asia

Song Dynasty 960-1279

“gold age” of arts & lit

• bureaucratic

  • civil service exam based on merit

• neo-Confucianism (synthesized)

  • foot binding, made women subordinate

  • filial piety - emphasize honoring ancesters/parents

• economic rev

  • champa rice, rapid pop growth, indust production, commercialize

  • Grand Canal, trade, silk/textiles

• Sinification

  • tributary systems - vassal states

KR - trubutary w/ china, recognized superiority

JP - selectively adopted CN culture, feudal, samurai class, value warriors > edu

1.2 dar al-islam

House of Islam

• territories within Muslim world

• Umayyad → Abbasids

  • fragmenting → new Islamic empires

• Seljuk, Mamluk, Delhi Sultanate

  • Arab Muslim decline → Turkic Muslin rise

• sharia law - code of laws in Quran (teachings)

• Jizya tax

Islam Expands

• military, merchants, missionaries

• convert for trade opportunities

Baghdad House of Wisdom

• preserved/transcribed ancient texts

1.3 south and souteast asia

Vietnam

• vassal state for CN tributary but women were treated better

India

• Hinduism - united culture w/ CASTE SYSTEM

  • Brahmin on top, untouchables below

• Buddhism

• Bhakti Movement - devotion to one Hindu god

Delhi Sultanate

• Muslim invades, religion of elite, convert to avoid jizya

• Rajput Kingdoms - rival Hindus

Maritime

• Srivijaya - Strait of Melaka and IOT

• Majapahit - tributary system

Land Based

• Sinhala (Buddhist) Khmer (Hindu → Buddhist)

1.4 americas

Mesoamerica (before timeline)

• Mayan Civilization: writing, math, zero, calender, decentralized, tributary system, human sacrifice

Aztec Empire 1345-1528

• Mexica people, Triple Alliance, decentralized, tributary, human sacrifices, religion → expansion

• inspired/claimed Mesoamerica/Mayan

• Tenochtitlan - markets, buildings

Andean Civilization (before)

• Andes Mt, Wari society

Inca Empire 1400s

• similar to Aztecs (outsiders rise to power and expand)

• centralized, bureaucracy, Mit’a system (required labor), absolute divine ruler

• Cuzco - capital

Mississippian (farming, hierarchial, mounds, Cahokia (mound) → Chaco & Mesa Verde cities built weirdly

1.5 africa

Swahili Coast 8th cent

• access to IOT, Islamic, connected to Dar al-Islam

• Swahili language = african Bantu + Arabic

West Africa

• Ghana, Mali, Songhai

• Hausa Kingdoms - city states

• Trans-Saharan trade → wealth and power

• rulers convert to Islam

  • adopt islam to organize society and trade

Ethiopia

• christian, centralized power

1.6 europe

Christianity is now cool according to Constantine (Roman empire)

• 476 CE - West falls, Byz remains

• Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox

• 1453 Ottomans take Constantinople → Byz falls

• West isolated, decentralized, Catholicism provides structure (crusades)

West

• Feudalism - allegiance from lesser lords. land for loyalty

• Manorialism - peasants bound to land. labor for protection

• Serfdom: slaves but you aren’t born into it

• decentralized

→ CHANGE: monarchies centralize power (France, England)

• bureaucracies, militaries, elite, middle class

1.7 comparison

• Sinification - China had lots of influence on neighboring countries

• religion to legitimize power

• bureaucracies vs feudalism

• trade driven rise of empires

• fragmented vs centralized

• tributary systems

unit 2 Networks of Exchange

1200-1450

• same as unit 1 - focus on exchange networks this time

• connections through networks of exchange

• economic interactions

• facilitate cultural diffusion

• effects on culture, environment, tech, econ

2.1 silk roads

Silk Roads

• vast network of routes for trade

• spread culture, ideas, luxury items (Silk = currency) to make up for cost of transport

• increase demand for luxury goods = increase supply (people prioritizing production of lux over food)

Innovations in commercial practices

• credit, paper money, flying money, banking houses, bills of exchange

Transportation

• caravanserai - inns along trade routes

• saddles

rise of trading cities

• strategically located along trade routes

• Kashgar, Samarkand, Hangzhou

cultural diffusion

• Mahayana, Chan, Zen Buddhism

2.2 mongol empire

Mongol Empire

• biggest land based empire ever under Chinggus Khan

• How? - military organized, skilled horse, bow weapon, good timing (Song Dynasty loses North, Abbasid decline), brutality

• After - Pax Mongolia (Peace of the Mongols)

• 4 Khanates

• Silk Road safer with improved infrastructure

• communication w/ Yam system, spare intellectuals, movement of people, transfer of ideas/cultures

• Uygher script - write Mongol lang, adopted from Central Asia

• brought Eurasia together, promoted commerce, exchange

2.3 indian ocean

Indian Ocean Trade - network of sea routes connecting Afro-Eurasia

HOW?

• Mongol collapse → Silk Road decline → Maritime

• transportation/navigation - magnetic compass, astrolabe, lateen sail, Monsoon winds, shipbuilding

• lower transport costs → bulk goods > luxury

Spread of Islam - connectivity and trust

Trade cities

• Swahili city states - African coast

• Malacca - strait of malacca, taxed ships

• Gujarat - mid East, SEA, Africa

Diasporic communities - group of people establish home in another place while retaining customs

• China in SEA, Arab/Persia in E. Africa

• facilitate trade through trust and connections

Zheng He’s feelt - spread tech (gunpowder, CN wealth, navigation, shipbuilding)

2.4 trans-saharan

connected North Africa/Mediterranean world to Interior Africa

HOW?

• innovations in transportation tech (Arabian camel, saddles, caravanserai)

• environmental variation (u dont always have what u want - demand)

Effects

• growth of states/empires

• Mali - convert to islam, wealthy through trans-saharan, Mansa Musa Hajj

West Africa ❤ Islam

2.5 cultural consequences

merchants brought their stuff with them

• Buddhism changed and syncretism

• Islam - inclusion to Dar al-Islam network

Lit/Art

• Baghdad House of Wisdom

• CN papermaking

• Gunpowder

Rise and fall of cities

• wealth of trade cities

• decline of cities due to militaries using the expanding connections

increased interregional travel due to safety and security of routes

• Ibn Battuta (Dar al-Islam), Marco Polo (China), Margery Kemp (holy sites)

2.6 environmental consequences

Agricultural transfers

• Bananas (SEA) IOT → Africa

• Champa Rice (VN) → China with tributary system

• Citrus Fruits (Muslims) Medi routes → Europe/North Africa

  • agricultural productivity, pop growth, expand states, variation in diets = health

Disease

• Bubonic Plague

• Mongols unite everyone → disease travel fast too

2.7 comparison of economic exchange

• luxury vs bulk goods

• exchange of goods, culture

• trading cities strategically located

unit 3 Land-Based Empires

• Eurasia

• military conquests, alliances, strategic policies

• complex administrative systems

• trade/cultural exchange

• bureaucracies, arts, architecture, language, social structures

gunpower empires: ottomans, safavid, mughal

• Islamic, expanded with gunpowder, centralized bureaucracies, religious legitimacy

Sunni vs. Shia

• sunni - Ottoman, Mughal

• shia - safavid

3.1 empires expand

• military conquest with gunpowder

• sprang in wake of fall of mongols

• gunpowder = good

Ottoman 14th cent SUNNI

• dardenelles

• sacked constantinople

• continued to east → Balkans, take and become part of Ottoman Elite (Janissaries, elite military force)

Safavid 1500 SHIA

• shah ismal conquered and expanded

• enslaved ex-christian army (like ottos)

Mughal 16th cent SUNNI

• replace Dehli Sultanate under Babur

• Emperor Akbar - religious tolerance

  • Aurangzeb took it away

Yuan → Ming → Qing

• Manchu outsiders now rule

conflicting religious beliefs causes wars and conflict

3.2 administration

Legitimize: methods to communicate who is in charge

Consolidate: methods to take power away and claim for themself

bureaucracies & militaries

• centralized, imperial bureaucracies

  • Ottoman Devshirme highly trained (mostly christian slaves)

• military professionals

  • ottoman janissaries

  • enslaved christian pros in Safavid

religion

• Divine Right of Kings (rule cuz jesus said so)

• Aztec human sacrifice

• Mughal religious tolerance, sharia law

Art/Architecture

• qing emperor Kangxi, imperial paintings with trad confu values

• Palace of Versailles - grand, made french nobility stay to consolidate (King Louis XIV)

• Inca Sun temple (gold)

• Taj Mahal - rulers associated with gods, question me u question god

financing

• taxation, tribute

• Mughal Zaminder, otto tax farming, russian Yasak, Ming hard currency, aztec tribute lists

3.3 belief systems

Christianity

• Protestant Reformation

  • upset with Church’s corruption

  • Martin Luther’s 95 theses

• Catholic/Counter Reformation

  • tossed out corrupt practices

  • reaffirmed doctrines

• growth of christ

Islam

• shia vs sunni

• Sunni - Ottoman, Mughal

• Shia - Safavid

• rightful heir of Muhammad? Blood or elected?

South Asia new belief system

• Hindu Bhakti + Islamic Sufi = sikhism

3.4 comparison of land-based empires

• cosmopolitan empires

• religious tolerance

• gunpowder to expand

• forced conversion

• legitimize and consolidate power in similar ways

unit 4 Trans-oceanic Interconnections

1450-1750

• huge turning point

• Europeans begin exploring globe by sea, linking continents

• New World X Old World (West x East Hemispheres)

• Global economy

• Colonization, slavery, cultural exchange

• centralizing power

4.1 technological innovations

europeans both adopted these and innovated their own

• caravel - portuguese lightweight ships

• carrack - portuguese cargo ships

• fluyt - dutch ships, cheap, holds a lot

• lateen sail - triangular sail maneuvering

• astrolabe/magnetic compass - navigation

• knowledge of winds/currents - islamic/asians

4.2 causes of exploration

3 G’s God, Gold, Glory

state sponsored, state driven

motivations:

• asian spices

• land routes controlled by scary empires. find new route through sea

• adopted right tech

Result: trading post empire

Portugal

• Prince Henry the Navigator: sponsored first euro expeditions

• Vasco de Gama: sailed southern tip of africa, Calicut, found IOT

• wants to dominate IOT, use guns on ships

Spain

• Christopher Columbus: carribean

• Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigation

• really wants silver to trade with China (Potosi Silver Mines)

Dutch: Dutch East India Company VOC; trade in Indonesia

English: colonies in NA, India; East India Company

French: fur trade in NA, Caribbean sugar colonies

• intense competition…

4.3 columbian exchange

transfers of plants, animals, people, microbes, and ideas between old world (afro-eurasia) and new world (americas)

• cultural and biological revolution

Causes:

• east indies for spices by sponsoring expeditions

• Columbus hit the west - Caribbean

Effects:

• disease; demographic consequence

• new plants and foods

  • wheat, bananas, sugar to west; maize, potatoes to east

• cash crops: food for export; plantations; labor

• animals: domesticated, horses; overgrazing, erosion

4.4 maritime empires established

Portugal

• trading post empire africa/indian ocean

• armed merchant ships (caravels/carracks)

Spain

• colonies in philippines

• tribute systems, taxation, coerced labor

Dutch Republic

• fluyts, indian trade, simliar to portugal

• indonesia

Britain

• eyes on india - lacked ability to take from Mughals; trading posts instead

• 18 cent: trading posts → colonial rule

Asian Resistance: Tokugawa Japan, Ming China

African states expand: Asante, Congo

Economic labor systems: agriculture; Mit’a, chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda, hacienda

Slavery: cont - slave trade, culture, domestic work, some power; change - agricultural work, trans-atlantic, racism

4.5 maritime empires maintained and developed

how to consolidate and maintain power?

• mercantilism: exports > imports = wealth

  • motivation to grow empires

• joint-stock companies: limited liability, chartered by state, funded by investors

  • gov, private businesses, interdependence

Change:

• altantic trade, importance of sugar (caribbean), silver king, coerced labor

Cont:

• afro-eurasian markets thrive, asian land routes are asian powered, peasant/artisan labor

Social effects:

• gender imbalance africa, family structure change, cultural synthesis (creole languages)

change belief systems

• missionaries in south am

• Bartolomeu de las Cases - protect indigenous

• syncratic blends

4.6 internal and external challenges to power

Local resistance

• Fronde: french nobility vs. monarchy; monarchy wins

• Queen Ana Nzinga: Matamba/Ngongo vs. Portugues, ally w/ kongo and dutch

• Pueblo Revolt: North Am, vs. Spanish, leader Pope, kinda success

Resistance from Enslaved

• Maroon societies - caribbean/brazil

• British colonies, Stono Rebellion, fail

4.7 changing social hierarchies

Europe:

• Jews in Eruope; antisemitism, restrictuions, limited rights

Caste in SA

• caste shifts in Mughal India (new elite)

• social mobility, persia culture

Castas en americas

• spanish control, justify labor sys, taxation, rights, racial mix

Hierarchies in Asia

• Manchu > Han

• Japanese Tokugawa shogunate - samurai class

Gender

• labor migrations → shift gender roles

• female in trade

• decline in some pratiarchal practices

• indigenous changes due to Spanish

4.8 continuity and change

• interconnect of West and East hemispheres

• developments of new tech, innovations, ships, knowledge → transoceanic travel/trade

• changes in agruicultural labor, systems of manufacturing, social structures, environment

• demand for labor intensifies due to demand

• empires increase influence

• economic disputes → rivalries and conflict between states

unit 5 Revolutions

1750-1900

• transformative global upheaval

• enlightenment

• political revolutions

• industrialization

• nationalism, reform movements, imperial expansion, migration,

5.1 the englightenment

17th/18th century

intellectual developments that challenge traditional authority + inspired political revs

• reason, individual rights, scientific inquiry

• natural rights: life, liberty, property

• social contract, separations of power, popular sovereignty

John Lock

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft

5.2 nationalism and revolutions

18th-19th

strong identification with one’s nation, culture, shared identity

• from enlightenment ideas

• inspires unification, independence movements, decline of absolute monarchies, democratic ideals

American Revolutions - popular sovereignty

French Revolution - social hierachy

Haitian Revolution - first successful slave revolt

Latin American - creole nationalism

• diffusion of revolutionary ideology

Italian and German Unification

Ottomanism - nationalism = double edge sword

5.3 industrial revolution begins

5.4 industrialization spreads

5.5 technology of industrial age

5.6 governments role in industrialization

5.7 economic dev and innovations

5.8 reactions to industrial economy

5.9 society

5.10 continuity and change

unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization

6.1 rationales for imperialism

6.2 state expansion

6.3 indigenous responses

6.4 global economic development

6.5 economic imperialism

6.6 causes of migration

6.7 effects of migration

6.8 causation in imperial age

unit 7 Global Conflict

7.1 shifting power

7.2 causes of ww1

7.3 conducting ww1

7.4 economy in interwar period

7.5 unresolved tensions after ww1

7.6 causes of ww2

7.7 conducting ww2

7.8 mass atrocities

7.9 causation in global conflict

unit 8 Cold War and Decolonization

8.1 stage for cold war and decolonization

8.2 the cold war

8.3 effects of the cold war

8.4 spread of communism

8.5 decolonization

8.6 newly independent states

8.7 global resistance to established power structures

8.8 end of cold war

8.9 causation in this age

unit 9 Globalization

9.1 advances in technology

9.2 disease

9.3 debates about the environment

9.4 economics

9.5 calls for reform

9.6 globalized culture

9.7 resistance to globalization

9.8 institutions developing

9.9 continuity and change