Cell Structure Honors Bio. (Module 7)

Cytoplasm (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Jelly-like substance within the cell membrane. Found in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Lysosome (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Sac filled with digestive chemicals. Only found in animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Structures that convert nutrients to energy. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Centriole (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Structure that organizes motion of chromosomes. Only found in animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Endoplasmic reticulum (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Passageways where chemicals are made. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Vacuole (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Sac that stores water, nutrients, or waste products. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Cell membrane (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Membrane that surrounds and protects the cell. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Nucleus (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Structure that contains DNA and regulates genes. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Cytoskeleton (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Tubules and filaments that give the cell its shape. Found in plant, bacterial, and animal cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Ribosome (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Small structure that synthesizes proteins. Found in plant, bacterial, and animal cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Nuclear membrane (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Membrane that protects the nucleus. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Golgi apparatus (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Stack of membranes that packages chemicals. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Vesicle (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Package created by the Golgi apparatus. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Nucleolus (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Structure that manufactures ribosomes. Found in both plant and animal cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Chloroplast (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Organelle that converts sunlight to chemical energy. Only found in plant cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Cell wall (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Structure that supports the plant cell and helps it to maintain its shape. Found in bacterial and plant cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Plastids (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Organelles that store food or pigments. Only found in plant cells. Found in only eukaryotic cells.

Capsule (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Outermost layer of the cell that provides protection. Only found in bacterial cells. Found in only prokaryotic cells.

Nucleoid (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Region inside the cell that contains genetic material but is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Only found in bacterial cells. Found in only prokaryotic cells.

Plasmid (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Circular piece of genetic material. Only found in bacterial cells. Found in only prokaryotic cells.

Flagellum (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Hair-like structure that the cell uses for movement. Only found in bacterial cells. Found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Pilus (in Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, or Both) (Purpose) (Animal, Plant, Bacterial, or All Cells)

Hair-like structure that attaches the cell to a surface and can transfer genetic material from one cell to another. Only found in bacterial cells. Found in only prokaryotic cells.

How does Lactose Intolerance work?

Lactose intolerance occurs when the body lacks sufficient levels of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to break down lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This leads to digestive symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas after consuming lactose-containing foods.

Robert Hooke (What did he do)

Discovered cells by creating a simple microscope and looking at a wooden cork. (dead wood cells) (1st to discover)

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (What did he do, When)

Studied different substances (milk & pond water) and found that there are many different organisms in them. Late 1600s.

Scientist Mattias Scheilden (What did he do, When)

Discovered that plant tissue is made up of cells. 1838.

Theodor Schwann (What did he do, When)

Found that animal tissue is made up of cells. After Mattias Scheilden (plant tissue guy)

Scientist Rudolph Virchow (What did he do, When)

Theorized that cells are made from other cells dividing themselves up. 1855.

Cell Theory (Laws 1, 2, & 3)

1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms

3. cells arise only from preexisting cells with cells passing copies of their genetic material to their daughter cells

ATP Energy (made up of, what does it do, and what produces it)

Made of a nitrogen base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and a chain of three phosphate groups. Acts as an energy source for active transport. Produced by cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration (Definition, What does it create)

A set of metabolic reactions that convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the usable energy currency of the cell, while releasing waste products.

Active Transport (Definition, What it Uses)

The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient—using ATP

Osmosis (Definition and What it does)

The movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. The kidneys use osmosis to filter waste and manage water levels in the blood.

Isotonic Solution (Definition, What it causes to happen)

The surrounding fluid has an equal solute concentration to the cell's interior, causing no net water movement. The cell has no change.

Hypotonic Solution (Definition, What it does)

The surrounding fluid has a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to rush inside and potentially swell or burst the cell.

Hypertonic Solution (Definition, What it does)

The surrounding fluid has a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water to leave the cell and shrink or shrivel it.

Endocytosis v.s. Exocytosis (Differences, What type of transport, Things they move)

Types of Active Transport

Endocytosis: Moves things into the cell (nutrients, liquids, or whole cells - like bacteria)

Exocytosis: Moves things out of the cell (waste, hormones - like insulin, and neurotransmitters)