Clin Path lecture final

What type of sample is best for a urine sample?

First morning, pre-prandial sample

Name the 4 collection methods

-Voided

-Bladder expression

-catheterization

-cystocentesis

what collection method may be used for C&S if cystocentesis cannot be done

Catheterization

What collection method is considered a sterile sample

Cystocentesis

pollakiuria

abnormal frequent passage of urine (pattern), frequent urination

polyuria

increase urine production

oliguria

decrease in urine output

anuria

no urine output

what does an increased yellow color in urine mean

increased concentration of urine

what does a pale yellow color in urine mean

decreased concentration of urine

what does very yellow urine mean

oliguria (yellow-brown)

what does brown/green urine mean

bile pigments

what does red/brown urine mean

RBC - hematuria (blood in urine)

what does brownish urine mean

myoglobinuria (lysis of muscle cells)

Keytones are endproducts of _____ metabolism when ______ metabolism is impared

fat, CHO

Most to least accurate ways to measure USG

1) Refractometer 2) urinometer 3)dipsticks

what does an increased USG mean

Dehydration, concentrated (darker yellow) urine

what does a decreased USG mean

overhydration, PU/PD, dilute (pale yellow) urine

isosthenuria

when USG reaches glomerular filtration rate = 1.008 - 1.012; average 1.010

cells seen in urine largest to smallest

squamous, transitional, renal, WBC, RBC

are casts found in acidic or basic urine

acidic

what are the crystals found in acid urine

leucine, tyrosine, cystine, uric acid, calcium oxalate

calcium oxalate

-square like in shape w/ and X in the center

-envelope shape

-seen with ethylene glycol toxicity (antifreeze)

what are the crystals found in alkaline urine

triple phosphate (struvite), calcium carbonate, amorphous phosphate, ammonium biurate

triple phosphate

6-8 sided prism with tapered sides, coffin lid shape

what is the difference between serum and plasma

plasma is the fluid portion of whole blood in which cells are suspended, serum is the same except fibrinogen has been removed

where does the fibrinogen go in serum

it goes into the blood clot

Red top tube

-clotting tube

-no additives

-serology

purple topped tube

-EDTA

-anticoagulant

-plasma

-preserves cell morphology

green top tube

-Heparin

-plasma chemistries

blue top tube

-sodium citrate

-coagulation studies

grey top tubes

-sodium fluoride

-plasma (glucose)

can you freeze whole blood

NO

what stain do you use for looking at reticulocytes

New Methylene Blue

can you ship blood films with formaline sample?

NO

what is erythropoietin and what is it's role

hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of RBCs in the bone marrow

hyperproteinemia

increase in TP

when is hyperproteniemia seen

with severe dehydration

dehydration can result in an increase in what three things?

TP, PCV, USG

hypoproteinemia

decrease in TP

when is hypoproteniemia seen

-inadequate protein intake

-excess loss or catabolism (blood loss)

-fluid therapy/overhydration

what are reticulocytes

-non-nucleated immature RBC found in peripheral circulation

- released into circulation in response to an anemic state

what two forms of reticulocytes do cats have

punctate and aggregate

what kind of reticulocyte do we count in cats

aggregate

anisocytosis

-variation in cell size

-normal cows have a lot of this

poikilocytosis

-irregularly shaped RBC

-indicates improper production or premature destruction of RBC

polychromasia

-increase in diameter (size)

-increase blue/gray stain

-slightly irregular

hypochromasia

increase in central pallor (light in color)

spherocytes

do not have biconcave disc shape, round sphere-like cells

agglutination findings

irregular clumping of RBC on film

rouleaux formation

RBC's are arranged in stacks or rows

heinz bodies

inclusion of precipitated Hg due to oxidative injury - denatured Hg

schistocytes

-cells become fragmented

what disease usually caused an increase of schistocytes

DIC

basophilic stippling

-presence of coarse or find purple/blue staining of granules inside RBC

-normal in cows

howell-jolly bodies

-seen inside young RBC as purple/blue staining, somewhat retractile, round nuclear remnants/fragments

acanthocyte

-spur cells

-irregular projection from surface

-rounded blunt projection unevenly distributed on surface of cell

echinocytes

-crenated cells, burr cells

-regular projections, spine like

-evenly spaced

basophilic stippling is normal in...

-cows

-anemic cats

rouleaux is normal in...

horses

anisocytosis is normal in

cow

Granulated WBC

-neutrophils

-basophils

-eosinophils

agranulocytes

-lymphocytes

-monocytes

what is the primary funtinon of WBC (except lymphs)

phagocytosis

segmented neutrophils

-most numerous

-3-5 lobed irregular nucleus w/ thin connecting filaments

band neutrophil

-horseshoe shaped

-rounded ends

-smooth parallel sides

where do toxic changes in neutrophils occur

peripheral circulation

what do toxic neutrophils contain

vacuoles or dohle bodies

eosinophils

-granules release histamine and anti-heparin

-seen with parasitic infection and allergins

basophil

-initiation of inflammation

-produce histamine and heparin

monocytes

-largest cell in circulation

-may contain vacuoles

-migrate into inflammatroy lesions and turn into macrophages

lymphocyte

-round/oval/indented dense nucleus

-increase in nucleus to cytoplasm ratio

-immune response

when do you need a corrective WBC count

when there are a lot of nucleated rbc

eosinophilia

-hypersensitivity reaction

-parasitism

basophilia

-associated w/ eosinophilia

-respiratory dz, parasitism

what is a physoilogic leukocytosis caused by

excitment

left shift

greater than 500 bands

regenerative left shift

more mature than immature neutrophils

degenerative left shift

more immature than mature neutrophils

where does degeneration occur

outside of blood circulation (tissue)

predominant WBC in cow

lymphocyte`

predominant WBC in dog

neutrophil

what is the excietment response

it is an epinephrine response, physiologic response, increase in WBC due to stress

in what animal is an excitment response more marked and common?

cats

what is the most common blood cell in birds

heterophil

what do bird red blood cells look like

oval and nucleated

what is thrombocytopenia commonly associated with

bleeding/clotting disorders

what is primary hemostasis

-mechanical phase of clotting

-formation of an unstable platelet plug

what is secondary hemostasis

-chemical phase of clotting

- formation of fibrin strands to stabilize platelet plug

vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of what facors?

2,7,9,10

why is a clean stick best?

to avoid contamination with tissue factors (platelet factor 3)

what tube should be used for collection for coagulation profiles

citrated - PREFERRED (blue topped), or oxalate (gray topped)

how should you store plasma

freeze quickly and store in plastic/glass tubes (red topped tube)

what is DIC

- disseminated intravascular coagulation

- small blood clots throughout the body, hyperfibrinolytic activity

what are the lab results with DIC

- increased PT

- increase APTT

- decrease platelet count

- increased FDPs

-schistocytes cut by fibrin

indications fo a bone marrow aspirate

-two or more cell lines are abnormal

- thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia

-non-regenerative anemia

- neoplasia

- blastic cells (immature) in peripheral circulation

what is the best site for a bone marrow aspirate on a dog

proximal humerus

what tube should be used for a bone marrow aspirate

EDTA tube (purple topped) w/ some of the EDTA removed or formaline to store BM sample

collect enough blood to run all tests ____ times

3

ideal sample for any biochem test is from what kind of animal?

a fasted animal