IB Modern World Final Exam

Who was Cuba’s greatest hero?

Jose Marti

Cuba gained independence soon after which war?

Spanish-American war

What was the date of Castro’s attack on the Moncada barracks?

July 26, 1953

Why did many Cubans criticize the Batista regime after Moncada?

Why was Castro’s interview with NYT reporter Herbert Matthews significant? (2 reasons)

The first US boycott of Cuba was in response to Castro doing what?

When Castro ran for Congress in 1952, what was the result?

Election never held, Batista returned and seized power in a coup

What was the name of Castro’s speech at his trial?

“History Will Absolve Me”

What was Castro’s main argument in History Will Absolve Me as to why he was not guilty?

The right to rebel against tyrants is universally recognized and a trend throughout history

Name 4 philosophers or events that Castro cited in History Will Absolve Me to support his thesis that the right to rebel against tyrants is universally recognized.

Locke, Jefferson, Aquinas, Paine

Cuba sent troops to what African nation in the 1970s?

Angola

What was the name of Castro’s organizations that were allegedly neighborhood associations but  also served as a surveillance organization on Cuban citizens?

What did the Agrarian Reform Laws do?

What was La Coubre?

What is the name of the failed US assassination operation of Castro?

Operation Mongoose

What two rebellions tried to overthrow Castro in the early 1960s?

What were three other groups fighting to overthrow Batista at the same time as Castro? 

What date did Batista flee Cuba?

December 31, 1958

Who was Castro’s mentor? What political party did he found?

Eddy Chibas; The Orthodoxo Party

Which US President planned the Bay of Pigs invasion? Which President gave the order to launch the invasion?

Eisenhower; Kennedy

Who was the emperor of Germany during WWI? Chancellor?

Kaiser Wilhelm II; Bethmann Hollweg

Who was the Czar of Russia during WWI?

Tsar Nicholas II

What were the four Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Who were the Triple Entente members?

Britain, France, Russia

Why was France bitter at Germany in the years leading up to WWI?

Germany had taken the Alsace-Lorraine from France in the Franco-Prussian War

What is [type 1, 2, 4] nationalism?  (I’d pick one on the test)

Basic love of country and national pride; The belief that your country’s culture and interests are superior (can involve racism); Desire for revenge

What is “type 3 nationalism” and why is it a destabilizing force?

The desire for independence felt by people ruled by foreign empires

Why did the Entente Cordiale “send shockwaves across Europe”?

Because Britain and France were famous rivals in history, especially naval

What are the Dardanelles? Who controlled them in 1914? Who wanted them?

Warm water channel/straight; Ottoman Empire; Russia

Who was Serbia’s “big brother” and protector?

Russia

What demand from the ultimatum did Serbia find most objectionable?

Austro-Hungarian participation in the investigation for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

What date was ADFF assassinated?  In what city?

June 28, 1914; Sarajevo, Bosnia

Who killed ADFF?  What group was he a member of?

Gavrilo Princip; Young Bosnia

WWI started as a war between what two countries?

Austria-Hungary and Serbia

What secret deal did Russia and A-H make before the Bosnian Crisis of 1908?

Bosnia for the Dardanelles

Name and define the two social classes according to Marx.

Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie

What are the five main stages of Marx's theory of dialectical materialism?

Primitive, Feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism

Who was the last Czar of Russia? What dynasty?

Tsar Nicholas II; Romanov dynasty

What year were the February and October Revolutions?

1917

Who did the February Revolution overthrow? Who did the October Revolution overthrow?

The Tsar/Romanovs; The Provisional Government

Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk unpopular in Russia?

Because they lost thousands of square miles of land

What was the largest political party in Russia in 1917-18?  (Hint: it wasn't the Bolsheviks or the Mensheviks)

Socialist Revolutionaries

What was the Constituent Assembly?

A democratically elected legislature

Who was Fannie Kaplan? (What is she famous for?)

She attempted to assassinate Lenin 

Approximately how many people did Lenin kill in the Red Terror?

100,000

pproximately how many people did Stalin kill in the Purges?

1 million

Approximately how many Russians died in the Russian Civil War?

10 million

What was so powerful about the position of General Secretary?

They appointed the Local Party Chiefs

Name one specific way the lives of women got better after the Bolshevik Revolution.

Divorce

Name one specific way the lives of women became harder or got worse after the Bolshevik Revolution.

Divorce

What were 3 ways Lenin and/or Stalin discouraged religious belief in the USSR?

Pilgrimages to Mecca were outlawed, proselytizing was banned, religious leaders heavily targeted in the Purges

Kulak

wealthy(ish) farmers who got there by the benefits of NEP (how they could sell the crops that weren’t taxed and keep profits)

Second Serfdom

When Stalin collectivised agriculture and sent people to live on communal farms

Pravda

The official newspaper of the Communist party, and eventually became the only legal newspaper. Meant “The Truth”

NKVD

Stalin’s secret police

Politburo

10-15 members. Highest decision making body between Central Committee meetings. Met continuously and chose the General Secretary

Stakhanovite

People who followed Aleksei Stakhanov. Propaganda to inspire workers. Workers who followed his example were rewarded with perks/privileges.

Revolutionary Vanguard

Wrecker

Cheka

Lenin’s secret police, led by Felix Dzerzhinsky

Young Pioneer

Communist boy/girl scouts. It was not required to join, but it was highly encouraged. Normal scouting activities and communist indoctrination

According to Keynesian Economics, what should the government do during an economic recession?  What problem does this lead to?

Spend lots of money on social programs to stimulate the economy. This leads to huge debt

Why was Mussolini kicked out of the Socialist Party?

Name two similarities between the Corfu Incident and the July Crisis.

What year did Mussolini become Prime Minister?

1922

What year did Mussolini become a dictator?

1925

Why did Italy’s parliament vote to give Mussolini emergency powers to rule by decree for one year after the March on Rome?  Give 3 reasons.

What new country did the Lateran Treaty create?

The Vatican City

What were Mussolini’s two slogans?

“Believe, Obey, Fight”; “Mussolini is always right.”

Laissez-Faire

Autarky

Economic independence/self-sufficiency

Il Duce

Mussolini’s title, meaning “The Leader”

Biennio Rosso

Biennio Nero

Aventine Secession (1924)

Sorry, not sorry speech

Concordat