BIOL 236 Lab Exam 5 Study Guide

A set of vocabulary flashcards derived from the BIOL 236 Lab Exam 5 Study Guide covering anatomy, physiological pathways, and diagnostic tests.

Tooth

A structure whose various parts must be familiar and identifiable on laboratory models.

Bile

A substance for which knowledge of its specific production and storage locations is required.

Respiratory volumes

Measurements of lung air capacity that require an understanding of what each volume specifically measures.

Nephron

The structural unit of the kidney for which students must identify different parts and their respective functions.

Urinalysis

A clinical measurement of urine components used to identify diseases like kidney failure and diabetes.

Kidney failure

One of the specific diseases detectable through the components measured in a urinalysis.

Diabetes

A chronic condition that can be identified by analyzing specific components present in the urine.

UTI

Urinary Tract Infection; practitioners must know who is most susceptible to this infection and the biological reasons why.

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Pathway

A physiological pathway involved in body regulation that is affected by specific drugs and was the subject of the instructor's master's thesis.

Systems for Model Identification

The group of systems covered on the exam models, including the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems.

Crown

The visible portion of the tooth above the gum line.

Neck

The transition zone at the gum line of the tooth.

Root

The portion of the tooth embedded within the alveolar bone of the jaw.

Enamel

The hard, white, outer layer of the crown; the hardest substance in the human body, highly mineralized, and protects the tooth against mechanical stress.

Dentin

Living tissue beneath the enamel that makes up the bulk of the tooth; less hard than enamel but harder than bone.

Pulp Cavity

The central chamber of the tooth containing pulp, which consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

Root Canal

The extension of the pulp cavity through the root of the tooth, allowing the passage of nerves and vessels.

Cementum

A bone-like substance covering the root, anchoring the tooth to the periodontal ligament.

Periodontal Ligament

The fibrous connective tissue attaching the cementum of the tooth root to the alveolar bone.

Production Place of Bile

Bile is produced continuously by hepatocytes in the liver.

Storage Place of Bile

Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the duodenum.

Tidal Volume (V_T or TV)

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath at rest (approximately 500 mL).

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal tidal inspiration (approximately 3000 mL).

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration (approximately 1200 mL).

Residual Volume (RV)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration (approximately 1200 mL).

Vital Capacity (VC)

The total amount of exchangeable air, calculated as VC = TV + IRV + ERV.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

The sum of all lung volumes, representing total lung air capacity (TLC = VC + RV).

Renal Corpuscle

Includes the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule where filtration occurs.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

The site of major reabsorption including glucose, amino acids, water, and electrolytes.

Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)

Has descending and ascending limbs; establishes osmotic gradient in renal medulla.

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Involved in regulated secretion of ions and water reabsorption, influenced by hormones.

Collecting Duct

Receives filtrate from nephrons and adjusts urine concentration and volume.

Glucose (Glycosuria)

Presence of glucose in urine, indicating potential diabetes mellitus.

Proteins (Proteinuria or Albuminuria)

Presence of proteins in urine, often indicating kidney failure or hypertension.

Ketones (Ketonuria)

Presence of ketone bodies, suggesting fat usage for energy; seen in ketoacidosis or starvation.

Bilirubin (Bilirubinuria)

Indicates liver damage or bile duct obstruction.

Blood (Hematuria)

Presence of erythrocytes or hemoglobin, suggesting trauma or infection in urinary tract.

Nitrites and Leukocytes

Indicators of bacterial infection, usually signifying a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Respiratory System

Identify trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm on anatomical models.

Digestive System

Identify stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, and accessory organs.

Reproductive System

Study male and female reproductive structures on plastic models.

Urinary System

Identify kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Prevalence of UTIs

Biologically female individuals are more likely to contract a UTI than males.

Etiology of UTIs

Anatomical reasons for increased risk, including urethral length and proximity to the anus.

Mechanism and Purpose of RAAS

Primary endocrine pathway for blood pressure and fluid balance regulation.

Detailed Pathway of RAAS

Triggers, renin release, angiotensinogen conversion, ACE conversion, angiotensin II effects, and aldosterone action.

Pharmacological Interventions

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta-blockers affecting the RAAS pathway.