ASLP 2020 Part 2

Homorganic

Sounds made with the same articulators, but differs in one or more phonetic features

Examples of homorganic

/p b m/ (Same column up and down)

What are the frequenct alveolar homorganic sounds

/t/ /n/ /s/

What is the least frequent sound

/3/

Which consonants have consistent spellings? (6)

/p/ /b/ /d/ /v/ /0/ /6/

Which consonants have inconsistent spellings? (8)

/k f, s, z, S, 3, tS, d3/

What is the most inconsistent phoneme?

/S/

What categories are mostly the most inconsistent

fricatives and affricates

what is the earliest phoneme to develop

/p/

What is the most inconsistently spelled phoneme

/S/

What does the velum do when its a nasal

lowers/opens/drops

Which consonants develop early?

ALL Stops, glides, nasals, ALL VOWELS

Which consonants develop late?

fricatuvez, affricates, liquids

which consonants develop relativly early (3)?

/ng/ /h/ /f/

Developmental Glides vs Liquids

Glides-Early

Laterals- Late

You say "where" your friend says "hwhere". What is happening?

They are allophones

Glottal Stop

Vocal folds block the flow of air

The glottal stop is _____ in other languages

Phonemic (phoneme)

can glottal stop be an allophone of /t/?

yes

/p/

-spelling

-Developmental

-Sound confusions

-Consistent (/p/ -> p)

-One of the earliest to appear (early)

-/t/ and /k/

/b/

-spelling

-Developmental

-Consistent (/b/ -> b)

-Early

What is frequency

A frequent sound

/t/

-developmental

-frequency

-allophones

-early

-frequent consonant (1st of 24)

-Aspirated, flap, glottal stop, unreleased, dentalized

Flap Allophone

"upsidedown J" (Letter-> /lE "upsidedown J" "unstressed er"/

Not /d/ but not /t/

(Ladder) -> /laeJe~)

Glottal Stop Allophone

? (Button -> /b"stressed uh V"?n/

'

There is a stop in the word

/d/

-spelling

-developmental

-allophones

-consistent /d/-> d

-early

-dentalized, flap, affrication

Affrication Allophone

drain /dren/ or /d3ren/

tracy /trasi/ or /tSresi/

/k/

-spelling

-developmental

-allophones

-73% c, 13% k, 6% ck

-early

-aspirated, rounded

Aspirated Allophones

Key (aspirated)

Rounded Allophones

Queen (/k/ but rounded at start)

/g/

-developmental

-allophones

-early

-rounded (goose), fronted (geese)

Fronted allophones

Geese /gis/, /g/ followed by front vowel, so tongue on /g/ in geese is more forward than normal /g/

unstressed central vowels

/ɚ/ and /ə/

stressed central vowels

/ɝ/ and /ʌ/

/ʌ/ (stressed)

in stressed syllabul set or not in it but in own morpheme

/ə/ (unstressed)

when the syllabule set is unstressed or suffix

/ɝ/ (stressed)

in stressed syllabul set or not in it but in own morpheme

/ɚ/ (Unstressed)

when the syllabule set is unstressed or suffix

' goes where?

before stressed syllabule (before start of phonemes that have the stressed syllabule within that syllabule)

ex:

yucky /'jʌki/

above /ɚ'bʌv/

worker /'wɝkɚ/

What are fricative consonants?

Partially block the airstream, causing a friction-like noise

What consonants are the largest set of consonants in American English

Fricative

-4 pairs of cognate pairs (8 total) and /h/ so 9

/f/

-Spelling

-Developmental

-78% (f), 12% (ph)

-early

/v/

-Spelling

-Common substitutions (what babies say instead)

-consistent

-/w/ and /b/

/θ/

-Spelling

-Developmental

-Dialectal Variations

-Relative difficulty of recognizing

-100% (th), consistent

-late

-/t/ or /f/ (think-tink, nothing-nofing)

-High

/6/

-spelling

-developmental

-dialectal difference

-common substitutions

-Relative difficulty of recognizing

-100% (th), consistent

-late

-/d/ (they-dey), /de/ (then-den)

-/v/ /z/ /d/

-High

/s/

-developmental

-Allophones

-Frequency

-common substitutions

-late

-/S/ (palatalization) ex: miss you

-5th in frequency

-/t/ and /d/

/z/

-spelling

-developmental

-allophones

-common substitutions

-65% (s), 23% (z), 4% (es)

-late

-/3/ (Palatalization) ex: as you

-/d/ and /t/

Fricatives are developmentally usually what

late besies /h/ and /f/

/S/

-spelling

-developmental

-/S/ and /tS/

-20 different ways (ti, sh, ssi, ch, ci, s)

-late

-Charity and Sherry can both be /S/ and /tS/

/3/

-sound distribution

-developmental

-Frequency

-Substitutions

-not in the initial (first) position, but it IS in middle and final

-late

-24th of 24 sounds (infrequent?)

-/d/ /t/ /z/ /d3/ /tS/

/h/

-sound distribution

-developmental

-omission

-NOT in final position (only initial and middle)

-early

-There he is

Affricate consonants

Fricative portion prolonged in comparison to stop release.

considered as one sound instead of a combination

/tS/

-Developmental

-Substitution

-Spelling

-Late

-/S/ (non-native speakers and bilinguals) (Sherry and cherry. Rachel and Rashel)

-Usually CH

/d3/

-developmental

-spelling

-sound deviations

-late

-G (Gem), J(Joke), dg (judge)

-/d/, /t/, omission

Deaffrication

affricate becomes a fricative (/tS/ ---- /S/)

Common substitutions of /d3/

/d/ /t/ omission

Nasal consonants

(aquired, spelling, def)

-acquired early

-consistent spelling

-made by closing vocal tract at some point like stop consonants, but there is an opening into the nasal cavity

Nasalized Vowel (Amanda)

~

ae (following nasal consonant affect the an sound)

Syllabic Nasal

When nasals form entire syllabels they are syllabic nasals

/kI?n/

|

/m/

-developmental

-allophones

-early

-syllabic /m/

|

/n/

-developmental

-frequency

-allophones

-early

-frequent

-syllabic /n/, velarized /ng/ (thank, pink, bank)

what is velarized

when the /ng/ sound is there instead of the /n/

/ng/

-homorganic

-spelling

-dialectal difference

-sound distribution

-/k/ /g/

-ng, n

-final ing to final n

-NOT in initial, but in middle and final

What are the glides

/j/ /w/

/j/ is similar to what vowel

high front vowel /i/

/w/ is similar to what vowel

high back vowel /u/

/j/ and /w/ only occur in what position in english

Syllable-initial position

/ai/ /au/ /oi/

what is the most variable sound in english and other languages

/r/

what are the liquids

/r/ /l/

glides can substitute for ....

liquids

/w/ for both /r/ and /l/ (/wabIt/)

/j/ for /l/ (/jejo)

What age does gliding develop

2-3 years old

/j/

Sound distribution

developmental

sound confusions

NOT IN FINAL (in initial and middle)

Early

/w/ /l/ /r/

/w/

sound distribution

developmental

allophones

NOT IN FINAL (in initial and middle)

early

/hw/

/hw/

Voice and place

sound distribution

allophone

voicless, bilabial glide (labial velar fricative)

NOT IN FINAL (In initial and middle)

/w/

/r/

Age attained/developmental

manner

dialectal difference

sound deviations

6 years/late

liquid (approximant)

/a:/ (car), /shwa/ (here), intrusive (idea of it) /worsh/ (wash)

gliding /w/, omissions

/l/

manner

developmental

allophones

lateral liquid (approximant)

Late

syllabic /l/ (Bottle), Dark /l/ (call)-----tounge not touching mouth

How many front vowels are there

5

What are reduced vowels

shawa and capped i

Vowels developmental data

early (2:0-3:0)

Vowels spelling

inconsistent