Digestion and Absorption

Rennin

________ is a proteolytic enzyme found in the gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins.

Kwashiorkor

________ is produced by protein deficiency unaccompanied by calorie deficiency.

cartilaginous flap

A(n) ________ called epiglottis prevents the entry of food into the glottis- opening of the windpipe- during swallowing.

Villi

________ are supplied with a network of capillaries and a large lymph vessel called the lacteal.

PEM

________ affects infants and children to produce Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

gastro oesophageal sphincter

The ________ controls the passage of food into the stomach.

mucosal epithelium

The ________ has goblet cells that secrete mucus that help in lubrication.

oral cavity

The ________ leads into a short pharynx which serves as a common passage for food and air.

Mucus

________ in saliva helps in lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a bolus.

‘ C

The pancreas is a compound (both exocrine and endocrine) elongated organ situated between the limbs of the ________ shaped duodenum.

Lysozyme

________ present in saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.

muscular sphincter

A(n) ________ (gastro- oesophageal) regulates the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.

buccal cavity

The ________ performs two major functions, mastication of food and facilitation of swallowing.

adult human

A(n) ________ has 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types (Heterodont dentition), namely, incisors (I), canine (C), premolars (PM), and molars (M)

gastric juice

The mucus and bicarbonates present in ________ play an important role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by highly concentrated hydrochloric acid.

digestive wastes

The ________, solidified into coherent faeces in the rectum initiate a neural reflex causing an urge or desire for its removal.

Marasmus

________ is produced by a simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories.

Saliva

________ is mainly produced by three pairs of salivary glands, the parotids (cheek), the submaxillary /sub- mandibular (lower jaw), and the sub- linguals (below the tongue)

long tube

The esophagus is a thin, ________ that extends posteriorly passing through the neck, thorax, and diaphragm, and leads to a ‘ J shaped bag- like structure called the stomach.

deposit of bile

The liver is affected, and skin and eyes turn yellow due to the ________ pigments.

HCl

________ provides the acidic pH (pH 1.8) optimal for pepsins.

pepsinogen

The proenzyme ________, on exposure to hydrochloric acid, gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach.

biliverdin

The bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments (bilirubin and ________), bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids but no enzymes.

Muscularis

________ is formed by smooth muscles usually arranged into an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer.

numerous microscopic

The cells lining the villi produce ________ projections called microvilli giving a brush border appearance.

pinworm

The infections are also caused by the parasites of the intestine like tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, ________, etc.

lipases

Bile also activates ________.

abdominal cavity

It is situated in the ________, just below the diaphragm, and has two lobes.

tooth

Each ________ is embedded in a socket of the jaw bone.

submucosal layer

The ________ is formed of loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood, and lymph vessels.

bolus

The ________ is then conveyed into the pharynx and then into the esophagus by swallowing or deglutition.

process of digestion

The ________ is accomplished by mechanical and chemical processes.

Trypsinogen

________ is activated by an enzyme, enterokinase, secreted by the intestinal mucosa into active trypsin, which in turn activates the other enzymes in the pancreatic juice.

Gastric

________ and intestinal secretions are also, similarly, stimulated by neural signals.

Serosa

________ is the outermost layer and is made up of a thin mesothelium (epithelium of visceral organs) with some connective tissues.

Secretion of mucus

________ which helps in adhering the waste (undigested) particles together and lubricating it for an easy passage.

Dietary deficiencies

________ in proteins and total food calories are widespread in many underdeveloped countries of South and Southeast Asia, South America, and West and Central Africa.

Mucosa

________ also forms glands in the stomach (gastric glands) and crypts in between the bases of villi in the intestine (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

Fatty acids

________ and glycerol being insoluble, can not be absorbed into the blood.

small micelles

Bile helps in the emulsification of fats, i.e., breaking down the fats into very ________.

caecum

It consists of the ________, colon, and rectum.

duodenum

The opening of the stomach into the ________ is guarded by the pyloric sphincter.

food mixes

The ________ thoroughly with the acidic gastric juice of the stomach by the churning movements of its muscular wall and is called the chyme.

lobule

Each ________ is covered by a thin connective tissue sheath called the Glissons capsule.

small protein

They are re- formed into very ________- coated fat globules called the chylomicrons which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi.

chemical process of digestion

The ________ is initiated in the oral cavity by the hydrolytic action of the carbohydrate- splitting enzyme, salivary amylase.

Active transport

________ occurs against the concentration gradient and hence requires energy.

products of digestion

Absorption is the process by which the end ________ pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

egestion of faeces

The ________ to the outside through the anal opening (defecation) is a voluntary process and is carried out by a mass peristaltic movement.

small droplets

They are first incorporated into ________ called micelles which move into the intestinal mucosa.

The alimentary canal begins with an anterior opening

the mouth, and it opens out posteriorly through the anus

The stomach, located in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity, has four major parts

a cardiac portion into which the esophagus opens, a fundic region, a body (main central region), and a pyloric portion which opens into the first part of the small intestine

The colon is divided into four parts

an ascending, a transverse, descending part, and a sigmoid colon, the descending part opens into the rectum which opens out through the anus

About 30 percent of starch is hydrolyzed here by this enzyme (optimum pH 6.8) into a disaccharide

maltose

The pancreatic juice contains inactive enzymes

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, amylases, lipases, and nucleases