Bio II - Biosphere and Biogeochemical Cycles + Ecology

Includes: Biosphere and Biogeochemical Cycles (Ch. 52), Population Ecology (Ch. 53), Community Ecology (Ch. 54), and Restoration & Conservation Ecology (Ch. 55-56)

What is the function of tropic hormones?

stimulates other endocrine glands to release other hormones

What increases the electrical conduction speed in neurons?

insulation by myelin sheaths

Where is sperm produced?

seminiferous tubules

List the components of the PNS

Neurons (nerves & ganglia)

Define Double Circulation

a circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice for 1 complete cycle

True or False: Human oogenesis occurs throughout female adolescence and adulthood. Explain your answer

False → it occurs ONLY during embryonic development and continues to mature until puberty then stops

Define the 4 Functions of the Excretory Systems

1) Filtration

2) Reabsorption

3) Excretion

4) Secretion

True or False: a hormone that functions as a direct regulator of gene expression is likely a steroid hormone. Explain your answer

True → steroids (estrogen / testosterone) are lipid-soluble hormones that can pass through the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes and bind to intracellular receptors, allowing them to act directly as transcription factors to control gene expression.

Explain the difference between Gastrovascular cavity VS Alimentary canal

• Gastrovascular cavity → incomplete, 2-way digestive system w/ only 1 opening

  • found in simple animals like jellyfish, hydra, and flatworms

• Alimentary canal → complete, 1-way tube with a separate mouth and anus, allowing continuous ingestion and excretion

  • found in more complex animals like humans and earthworms

True or False: a yearly influenza vaccine is an example of active immunity. Explain your answer.

True →

List the Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Budding →

• Fragmentation & Regeneration →

• Parthenogenesis →

• Binary Fission →

What is the correct ion concentration for a Sodium-Potassium pump to maintain resting membrane potential in humans?

• Sodium concentration is higher OUTSIDE cells, Potassium concentration is higher INSIDE cells

  • 3 Na+ go out, 2 K+ go in

List the Methods of Osmoregulation

• Kidneys →

• Metanephridia →

• Protonephridia →

• Malpighian Tubules →

Why do hormones reach all parts of the body, but only some cells respond to a particular hormone?

only target cells have the correct receptors for a particular hormone

True or False: the secondary immune response (in adaptive immunity) depends on the diversity of receptors. Explain your answer

False; the response in adaptive immunity depends on memory T and B cells, which proliferate to fight against the pathogen or increase antibody production respectively

What essential nutrient is required as a coenzyme for efficient enzyme function?

water-soluble B vitamins

True or False: the hypothalamus coordinates endocrine system signaling in humans

True

Which organism would you expect to find an open circulatory system. Explain your answer

Grasshopper →

What is the function of T-Cells?

lymphocytes with antigen receptors that bind to antigens presented by MHC proteins

What is the main digestive adaptation difference between herbivores and carnivores?

herbivores have a long, highly-developed cecum full of bacteria and protozoa that help break down tough cellulose fibers that would otherwise have no bioavailability for animals

List the Types of Nitrogenous waste

• Uric Acid →

• Ammonia →

• Urea →

Define Depolarization VS Repolarization VS Hyperpolarization

Complete the sentence: if two solutions differ in osmolarity, the net flow of water travels from the __________ to the __________ solution

hypoosmotic → hyperosmotic

True or False: Most nutrient absorption in the human digestive system occurs in the stomach and large intestine

False; the small intestine does most of the work

• Stomach → mechanically & chemically breaks down food into a liquid (chyme) and DOES NOT absorb any nutrients (only alcohol and some drugs)

• Large intestine → mainly absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins, not the main macronutrients from food

Define Countercurrent Exchange System. What respiratory structure uses it?

• a

  • gills

Define and List Examples of Innate Immunity

• ahsg

  • Ex:

    • Chiton exoskeleton

    • Natural killer cells

    • Toll-like receptors

    • Antimicrobial peptides