APHUG UNIT 6

Neolithic revolution and its impact on the development of cities

Agricultural advances that allowed more people to live in permanent or semi permanent settlements which eventually grew into cities, transition from small nomadic bands of hunters-gatherers to settled agricultural societies. Allowed populations to density, necessitated permanent storage and enable labor specialization leading to the rise of complex, organized and stratified city centers

Industrial Revolution and it’s impact on the development of cities

Transition from handcrafted economies to industrialized urban ones driven by machine manufacturing. Urbanization increased rapidly during the industrial revolution as factories spread up in cities and attracted people in search of job.

Site and situation and it’s impact on development of cities

Site: the actual place or location of the settlement and the land on which the city was built, including landforms, climate, availability of water, and soil quality. Situation: the connections between its site and other sites. A city with a favorable situation has easy access to trading partners, resource resources and other connections. Favorable combinations of both factors such as coastal access for trade and defensible fertile flat land drive initial settlement in long-term economic prosperity.

Transportation networks and his impact on the development in city

One of the most influential factors in urban growth. Waterways railroads and highways provide a means for goods to get to market and for workers to access jobs. Transportation systems often make it possible for manufacturing facilities, as well as retail and office environments to relocate to suburbs where residential area areas are plentiful

Communication networks, and it’s impact on the development of cities

Information used to only travel with goods, but advances in telecommunication technologies, revolutionized businesses, and how people live in work. Increased production, which insurance require required more workers..

Population growth and migration and impact on the development of cities

Migration is driven by push and pole factors like voluntary or forced migration. The increase in the number of individuals in a population driven by CBR, CDR, and migration. Migrants are often drawn to cities because cities offer greater freedom, safety, school, healthcare, etc. Rule to urban migration drives urbanization because of push and pulse factors.

Economic development and its impact on the development of cities

Process of improving a a countries, wealth, social welfare, and industrialization level. Transitioning economies from agriculture to manufacturing and service services pulling rule labor into cities for higher wages, which fuels rapid urban growth, infrastructure development.

Governmental policy and its impact on the development of cities

Official decisions, regulations, and actions that influence population dynamics, immigration, land use, and economic development. At all levels, governments, all seek to attract businesses and boost the economy. Regional level, city governments may compete with one another by offering tax incentives or financial incentives for businesses to relocate. Local level, governments may join together and regional alliances to market a regions advantages for economic development

Megacity

Has 10,000,000+ residents, hubs of economic and social opportunity, but face, intense pressure on infrastructure, housing and utilities. Examples are Tokyo and New York.

Metacity

Has 20,000,000+ residents, sprawling urban conurbations that often dominate global networks major hubs for financial and technology. Examples include Tokyo Shanghai, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Delhi

Suburbanization

The process of population shifting from dense urban centers to the less crowded outskirts leading to the growth of residential communities outside. Driven by the desire for lower density housing like Levittown, New York - post wwII when homes were built rapidly to accommodate families moving out of the city

Decentralization

The city core disseminating authority and decision-making rules to middle and lower level management offices

Urban sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rule land resulting in low density car dependent patterns. Common in US Metropolitan Britain areas, particularly in cities that grew up with the automobile and freeway expansion like Atlanta.

Edge city

Type of community located on the outskirts of a large city. Tysons corner, Virginia, located at the intersection of several highways outside Washington DC.

Boomburg

A suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents. Made up of many planned communities that have merged together like California Mesa Arizona, and Anaheim.

Exurb

Typically, fast growing community outside of or on the edge of a metropolitan area, where the residents and community are closely connected to the central city and suburb. Often low density residence communities that may include wealthy Estates or small rule town.

World city/global city

Major urban centers that have significant influence on global economic, political and cultural activities. Advance transportation/communication infrastructure. Housing, headquarters of multinational corporation. High-level business services. Immense cultural or political influence. Examples are London, New York, Tokyo in Paris

Functions of world, cities, economy

Serving as headquarters for multinational, corporations, hosting major financial services, fostering invention, and acting as centers for high-level producers services like advertising law and accounting. Example, examples are London(banking) New York(finance) Tokyo(technology)

Functions of world, cities, social/cultural

Global hubs for culture and society, acting as centers of authority of arts, fashion, and media. Examples are the British museum in London, the live in Paris and theaters in New York’s Broadway.

Functions of world, cities, political

Centers of national and international power and enter governmental organizations example examples are New York London, Tokyo, Brussels

Infill

Redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas

Metropolitan

Includes a city and the surrounding areas that are influenced economically and culturally by the city.

Urban hierarchy

Ranking settlements(Hamlet’s, villages, towns, cities, metropolises, megalopolises) based on its size population, and the complexity of services provide provided. Example examples are US with small rule hamlets relying on larger nearby towns for services. Shows how resource resources, wealth and services are unevenly distributed across regions.

Gravity model

A cities size as well as it’s economic social/cultural and political activity is a direct indicator of its pole from other places. Example examples include trade between countries based on GDP estimating migration, flow between cities or predicting traffic patterns. Pull up a place is greater if a city is greater so the more pole a city has the more people migrate to it

Rank size rule

Hierarchical proportional distribution of city populations, where the nth largest city in 1/n the size of the largest city. examples include the United States Canada and Germany.Signifies a developed evenly distributed urban system with interconnected services.

Christallers central place theory, threshold, and range

Explains the hierarchical patterns in the number size and location of cities and other settlements describes a central place as settlement that provides goods and services for the surrounding area. Threshold: the number of people needed to support a certain good or service. Range: the distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service. Examples are high order goods and services(luxury cars, and high-end fashion) have a larger thresholds and range ranges than low or good(that was found in grocery stores in common retail stores). Goods and services draw people from the towns, small, smaller settlements, and rule areas surrounding the Metropolitan area.

Primate city rule

A city that far exceeds in population size and influence the countries next largest city examples include Mexico City, Paris, and France. Indicates an unbalanced level of development in a country because the population is this disproportionately pulled to the city for economic opportunities

Central business District(CBD)

Where services are provided and goods are sold high density land use skyscrapers and concentration of commercial banking and government services due to high accessibility. Examples are Chicago, New York City, Manhattan, and London city

Bid-Rent theory

High and retail in offices are clustered in the CBD because customer access drives profits while cheaper more space intensive use like warehouses or large supermarkets locate further out where land is cheap cheaper. Shows that different users bid for locations based on their need for central access versus lower costs. For example, a luxury department store or bank pays premium rent for prime corner spots to attract the most customers. Warehouses factories and distribution centers choose locations with lower rents to minimize costs, even with higher transportation.