Anatomy and Physiology: Cell Types, Structures, and Pathways

Simple squamous epithelium lining alveoli

Type I pneumocytes

Epithelium lining trachea

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Epithelium lining esophagus

Stratified squamous epithelium

Epithelium lining stomach

Simple columnar epithelium

Epithelium lining colon

Simple columnar with goblet cells

Epithelium lining ureter

Transitional epithelium

Epithelium lining bladder

Transitional epithelium

Epithelium lining kidney tubules

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Epithelium lining blood vessels

Simple squamous epithelium

Presence of cartilage plates indicates

Bronchus

Absence of cartilage indicates

Bronchiole

Presence of villi indicates

Small intestine

Presence of Peyer patches indicates

Ileum

Presence of Brunner glands indicates

Duodenum

Presence of teniae coli indicates

Large intestine

Three muscle layers indicates

Stomach

No villi and many goblet cells indicates

Colon

Presence of osteons indicates

Compact bone

Presence of trabeculae indicates

Spongy bone

Presence of intercalated discs indicates

Cardiac muscle

Presence of striations + multiple nuclei indicates

Skeletal muscle

No striations indicates

Smooth muscle

Dense irregular connective tissue indicates

Reticular dermis

Loose areolar connective tissue indicates

Papillary dermis

Sebaceous gland near follicle indicates

Oily secretion structure

Coiled tubular gland indicates

Eccrine sweat gland

Presence of podocytes indicates

Renal corpuscle

Presence of macula densa indicates

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Presence of vasa recta indicates

Juxtamedullary nephron

Presence of peritubular capillaries indicates

Cortical nephron

Air pathway to alveolus

Nasal cavity → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli

Blood flow through heart (systemic start)

Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs

Blood flow through heart (return)

Pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

Electrical conduction pathway

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

CSF flow pathway

Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations → dural sinuses

Urine formation pathway

Glomerulus → Bowman capsule → PCT → nephron loop → DCT → collecting duct → papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Bile flow pathway

Hepatic duct → cystic duct → common bile duct → duodenum

Pancreatic secretion pathway

Pancreatic duct → hepatopancreatic ampulla → duodenum

Sperm pathway

Seminiferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

Oocyte pathway

Ovary → uterine tube → uterus

Sound conduction pathway

Auricle → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → cochlea

Light pathway through eye

Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina

Taste pathway receptor

Taste pore → gustatory cell → cranial nerve

Olfaction pathway

Olfactory epithelium → olfactory bulb → olfactory tract

Kidney arterial flow

Renal artery → segmental → interlobar → arcuate → cortical radiate → afferent arteriole → glomerulus

Kidney venous return

Peritubular capillaries → cortical radiate vein → arcuate vein → interlobar vein → renal vein

C-shaped cartilage ring indicates

Trachea

Smooth muscle + no cartilage indicates

Bronchiole

Respiratory exchange surface indicates

Alveolus

Pleural layer on lung surface

Visceral pleura

Pleural layer lining thoracic wall

Parietal pleura

Gas exchange membrane components

Type I pneumocyte + fused basement membrane + capillary endothelium

Surfactant-producing cell

Type II pneumocyte

Debris-removing alveolar cell

Macrophage

Structure producing voice

Vocal folds

Structure preventing aspiration

Epiglottis

Structure dividing bronchi

Carina

Structure separating nasal cavity from oropharynx

Soft palate

Structure posterior to oral cavity

Oropharynx

Structure posterior to nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Structure posterior to larynx

Laryngopharynx

Outer layer of alimentary canal

Serosa

Layer containing blood vessels

Submucosa

Layer responsible for peristalsis

Muscularis externa

Layer responsible for local folding

Muscularis mucosae

Region of stomach near esophagus

Cardia

Superior stomach dome

Fundus

Largest stomach portion

Body

Region controlling gastric emptying

Pylorus

Cell secreting hydrochloric acid

Parietal cell

Cell secreting pepsinogen

Chief cell

Cell secreting gastrin

G cell

Structure increasing absorption

Villi

Structure increasing absorption further

Microvilli

Immune structure in ileum

Peyer patches

Mucus-secreting intestinal cell

Goblet cell

Colon segmentation structure

Haustra

Colon shortening bands

Teniae coli

Fat tags on colon

Epiploic appendages

Bile storage organ

Gallbladder

Organ producing bile

Liver

Organ producing enzymes

Pancreas

Pancreatic enzyme cell

Acinar cell

Pancreatic endocrine cell

Islet cell

Kidney outer region

Cortex

Kidney inner region

Medulla

Structure containing papilla

Renal pyramid

Urine funnel structure

Renal pelvis

Filtration structure

Glomerulus

Capsule around glomerulus

Bowman capsule

Segment with microvilli

PCT

Segment regulating electrolytes

DCT

Segment establishing gradient

Loop of Henle

Stretchable ureter lining

Transitional epithelium

Bladder muscle layer

Detrusor muscle

Smooth bladder triangle

Trigone

Voluntary urination sphincter

External urethral sphincter

Involuntary urination sphincter

Internal urethral sphincter

Male urethra longest region

Spongy urethra

Uterus superior region

Fundus