Cell Structure, Membranes, and Tissue Types: A Comprehensive Biology Review

Hypotonic solution

Water enters cell; cell swells

Hypertonic solution

Water leaves cell; cell shrinks

Isotonic solution

No net water movement

Na+/K+ pump

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

Resting membrane potential

Established largely by K+ movement

Cell membrane structure

Phospholipid bilayer + proteins

Hydrophilic portion of phospholipid

Phosphate head

Hydrophobic portion of phospholipid

Fatty acid tails

Selective permeability

Allows some substances through, restricts others

Passive transport

No ATP required

Active transport

Requires ATP

Simple diffusion

Movement down concentration gradient directly through membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Movement down gradient through protein

Osmosis

Movement of water across selectively permeable membrane

Most important ion for resting membrane potential

Potassium (K+)

Endocytosis

Vesicular transport into cell

Exocytosis

Vesicular transport out of cell

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Selective uptake using receptors

Nucleus function

Stores DNA

Nucleolus function

Produces ribosomes

Chromatin

Loose DNA

Chromosome

Condensed DNA

Gene

DNA sequence coding for a product

Replication

DNA -> DNA

Transcription

DNA -> mRNA

Translation

mRNA -> Protein

mRNA function

Carries genetic message

tRNA function

Brings amino acids

rRNA function

Forms part of ribosome

PMAT order

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes condense

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase

Two nuclei reform

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm

Cell cycle order

G1, S, G2, M

Ribosome

Protein synthesis

Rough ER

Protein synthesis/processing

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Golgi apparatus

Packages and ships proteins

Lysosome

Digestion and recycling

Peroxisome

Detoxification

Mitochondria

ATP production

Microvilli

Increase surface area

Microtubules

Form mitotic spindle

Microfilaments

Cell movement and shape

Integral protein

Embedded in membrane

Peripheral protein

Attached to membrane surface

Epithelial tissue characteristic

Avascular and tightly packed

Simple squamous epithelium

Alveoli; diffusion

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Kidney tubules

Simple columnar epithelium

Digestive tract

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Trachea

Transitional epithelium

Bladder

Stratified squamous epithelium

Protection

Keratinized stratified squamous

Skin

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Mouth, esophagus, vagina

Goblet cell

Secretes mucus

Cilia

Move mucus

Tight junction

Impermeable barrier

Gap junction

Communication between cells

Connective tissue components

Cells + ECM

Extracellular matrix

Fibers + ground substance

Fibroblast

Produces collagen

Chondrocyte

Maintains cartilage

Osteocyte

Maintains bone

Adipocyte

Stores fat

Areolar tissue

Packing material under epithelia

Adipose tissue

Fat storage

Dense regular connective tissue

Tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue

Dermis

Reticular tissue

Stroma of spleen and lymph nodes

Hyaline cartilage

Trachea, nose, joints

Elastic cartilage

Ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs

Function of fibrocartilage

Shock absorption

Bone tissue classification

Supportive connective tissue

Blood classification

Fluid connective tissue

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated, multinucleated

Cardiac muscle

Striated, branching, intercalated discs

Smooth muscle

No striations; digestive tract and vessels

Endocrine gland

No ducts; hormones to blood

Exocrine gland

Uses ducts

Serous membrane

Lines ventral body cavities

Mucous membrane

Lines cavities open to exterior

Cutaneous membrane

Skin

Synovial membrane

Lines joint cavities

Reticular tissue organs

Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Hyaline cartilage function

Support and reinforcement

Elastic cartilage function

Flexible support

Dense regular CT recognition

Parallel collagen fibers

Fibrocartilage recognition

Lacunae + thick collagen fibers

Areolar tissue function

Wraps and cushions organs

Adipose tissue function

Energy storage, insulation

Still learning (5)

You've started learning these terms. Keep it up!