Belmont University, HIS 1400 Medieval World, Professor Bisson Exam II

Peace of God

A movement in which some bishops of southern France along with the upper crust of aristocracy sought to control the behavior of lesser knights, as the episcopal power expanded and was clarified in the course of the tenth and eleventh centuries.

Truce of God

Clermont

The Cluniac house at Clermont, home of the abbot of Cluny

The largest church until the 16th century

Where Pope Urban II gave his speech

Had the largest library

Was in the Romanesque style

Council at Clermont (November 27, 1095)

Called by Pope Urban II (1088-1099)

Called for knights to rescue the Christians in the east, because the knights were the only ones to stop the violence

Wanted to reclaim the infidel

At the end of the sermon, people were riled up and said "God Wills It"

Inspired thousands of people to march to Constantinople (1096)

Everyone went (men, women, people of all social classes and age, except for kings because they didn't participate)

They had no idea what they were getting into

The Pope's call reached a lot of people and there were sermons all over the empires calling for the same thing

Indulgence

Pope Urban told the people if they delivered the Church of Jerusalem for devotion alone, can substitute their journey for penance (not the remission of sins but the remission of penalty)

People knew that they would kill people, one of the biggest sins, so they would only do it if they weren't punished and they wanted to be cleared of all past and future sins to avoid purgatory

To avoid damnation normally, people would take the sacraments, go to confession, and receive penance

Confession and Penance

People would go to a priest and confess their sins, the priest would give them penance for them to work off that particular sin

Penance was only for one sin, and we commit sins everyday so we can never work off all of our sins with penance

Penance is a worldly punishment to take away the divine punishment

Armed Pilgrimage

Normal Pilgrimages - Started by talking to the Bishop, he would give you a blessing and a purse of money

The church "sanctified violence" against muslims, pagans, and heretics

Urban II

He was a cluniac monk with an autocratic background

He was in Clermont for the grand opening of the cathedral, was gonna be the biggest and grandest cathedral of the time

He had his own ideas of the outcomes of the crusade, he wanted to unite the east and west by helping out the emperor and restore the fortune of the papacy, also, to reduce violence in Europe by killing all of the enemies - The papacy already had the "Great Schism" of 1054

Alexius I Comnenus

The emperor of the east, Emperor Alexius II Comnenus (1081-1118), called on the west to help with Seljuk Turks encroaching on his lands

The east and west weren't on the best of terms

He wanted knights (he had a bad encounter with them, so he was hesitant but knew he needed them)

Called for help that started the First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096-1099)

Only one of the crusades to succeed, all others failed because of the reawakening of the Islamic power and nationalism

The emperor of the east, Emperor Alexius II Comnenus (1081-1118), called on the west to help with Seljuk Turks encroaching on his lands

He wanted knights (he had a bad encounter with them, so he was hesitant but knew he needed them)

Crusading is an act of love for your religion, your God, your fellow people of faith

The crusader army is thought to be around or above 100,000 people, which was unprecedented at this time

A lot of them died of malnourishment and heat exhaustion but they took an oath to go and stay

Kerbogha

Of Mosul, he brought counterattacks on the crusaders outside of Antioch

Siege of Antioch (October 1097 - June 27, 1098)

The greatest success

7 months, a lot of people died of starvations and heat

Crusader States

County of Edessa

Principality of Antioch

Ruled by Godfred of Bouillion

County of Tripoli

Baldwin of Edessa

Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Infidel (Jerusalem)

Was in the hands of the Seljuk Turks and had been for 400 years

Sacred to both, Muslims and Christians

Site of the most important events in the history of humankind

Creation (of humankind)

Fall (of adam and eve)

Incarnation (the birth of Jesus)

Last Judgement (Jesus dying on the cross)

Outremers

Christian Kingdoms across the sea

Franks

muslims referred to any christians as this

Crusesignati

signed with a cross, crusaders wore crosses on their battle outfits

Peter Bartholomew

Godfred of Bouillon

Ruled the principality of Antioch

Brother of Baldwin of Edessa

Ruled Antioch after the crusade

He scrambled over the wall of Jerusalem and helped them win the victory, he was a heroic figure

He was offered the title of King of Jerusalem but he wouldn't take the title because Jesus was the king but he ruled over it

Raymond of St. Gilles

He was the vassal of the King of France, but had more land, power, money, and men than the King of France did

He was the biggest of big shots their and the most wealthy at the Council at Clermont

Bohemond of Taranto

At the Council at Clermon

Baldwin of Edessa

He was a political genius, he is the reason why the crusade was successful

At the Council at Clermont

Ruled County of Tripoli

Antioch

became a crusader state

Tancred

Nephew of Bohemond, he was tormented by his sins and really wanted to go on the crusade

At the Council at Clermont

Adhemar of Le Puy

Fatimids

lay investiture

Broad: laymen appointing people to spiritual office (bishops and abbots)

Narrow: the ceremony in which a bishop received the spiritual symbols (spirituali) from a layman and then symbols of his imperial office (temporalia) (symbolizes everything wrong with Medieval society)

spiritualia

(most important and is the authority coming from God)

Ring - married to God

Staff - The Good Shepherd, to lead the christians

temporalia

Bell cord

Key to the church

the lay investiture conflict

Empire VS Papacy

A reform within European society and has supporters within the lay society

the lay investiture conflict reform

Reformers pretty much changed everything overnight

The first crusade can be seen as an event in the eleventh century religious revival and intellectual revival

This has an effect on Romanesque and Gothic architecture

The reformers wanted to reform within the European society, to change the fact that the empire was the papacy, and had supporters in the laymen

Nadir - tenth and eleventh century popes had diminished the namesake of the papacy

What lay investiture reformers wanted

To end Clerical Marriages - Celibacy was hard to sell and many priests and bishops had children, wives, concubines, and other girls. Reformers wanted priests to be more like monks and to accept the sacraments with clean hands

End Simony - The sale of church offices, church offices are lucrative positions and they come with money and land. Greatest of sins

Get rid of powerful men's influence on the clergy

They wanted the clergy and christians to appoint people to the offices

To get rid of the ceremony in which elected Bishops kneel before their lords and receives the symbols of his temporal office (temporalia) and then the next day he receives the symbols of his spiritual office (spiritualia)

lay investiture ceremony

narrow definition

Elected Bishops kneel before their lords and receives the symbols of his temporal office (temporalia) and then the next day he receives the symbols of his spiritual office (spiritualia)

This is different from the traditional Apostolic Succession, the pentecost, Christian festival celebrating the descent of the Holy Spirit on the disciples of Jesus after his Ascension, held on the seventh Sunday after Easter.

Where the bishop receives the gifts of the Holy Spirit (this is the climax of being ordained, he hands of the other bishops are placed upon the newly ordained bishop and it gives him the power of the apostles - the apostles were thought of as he first bishops)

The Petrine Theory

the idea that the apostle Peter got more than just the power of the Holy Spirit, Jesus gave Peter keys to the Kingdom (whatever he binds on earth is bound on heaven...)

Peter is the Prince of the Apostles and he is the supreme judge of the Faith Doctrine (The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith is the oldest among the nine congregations of the Roman Curia. It was founded to defend the church from heresy; today, it is the body responsible for promulgating and defending Catholic doctrine)

The Pope is said to have the power of Peter (the Pope is the Bishop of Rome)

Two Things to Never Refuse

Auctoritas - God willed it

Protestas - accident of history

Henry III (1039-1056)

He looked like he was going to unite all of the states and create a unitary state, but he didn't

He was getting all of the peasants to pay taxes to the king

He did not create a unitary state because of his struggle with the papacy, he was against the reformation and appointed clergy men to their offices

He got a cold and died three days after, leaving a 5 year old heir, Henry IV

Henry IV

After the death of this father when he was only 5, he was kidnapped and helded by different factions of Germanic Noblemen in hopes of controlling the kingdom

He had a very terrible and traumatic life, which made him have severe trust and mental issues

When he came of age, he wanted to destroy all of the adulterine castles

Adulterine Castles were castles built without a royal license, he wanted to destroy them because if you have a castle and enough men to arm it, you could create a formidable stronghold that could lead to a threat to the king's power

How He Was As A Ruler

Since he was always running from people and trying to get out of bad situations when he was younger, as a ruler he held onto the belief that you have to give to gain in the future but also that you can negotiate to get your way in the end, he would say whatever he needed to or do whatever he needed to, to get his way

He waged war against Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII)

Gregory VII

Hildebrand

Gregory was the leader of the reform party

Elected after the Papal Election Decree (1059)

Because he was Roman and was elected Pope (bishop of Rome), locals broke into the conclave before he was officially elected (but it was pretty obvious he was going to be elected) and carried him out and around town

Some people said, because of this, that he was not elected properly

He was determined to carry on the reformation and he will end investiture.

People called him "Bright Flame" and/or "Hell Fire" because he was pugnacious (eager or quick to argue, quarrel, or fight) and uncompromising (there was a rumor he came from a family of converted Jews)

Grew up in the shadow of St. Peter's Basilica

Papal Election Decree (1059)

Whenever the papacy is vacant, the cardinals all gather and lock themselves in the conclave and elect a successor

Cardinals - priests of the largest, most important churches, and they are the hinges on which the papacy swings, it is a title not an office

Titanic Struggle Between Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII v.s. King Henry IV

King Henry IV wanted to appoint the next Bishop of Milan and Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII would do anything to prevent this from happening

idealist, can't negotiate with God V.S. deal maker, politician

King Henry IV view - You can negotiate everything

Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII view- you can't compromise or negotiate with God, what he said he would do he did do

The church wanted a strong central government because ⅔ of knights come from church lands it with a stronger government there is more peace, but Lords and Noblemen prefer weak governments and the king as a mere figurehead

King Henry IV Agenda - He was determined to restore the crown and demolish adulterine castles (he wanted to destroy them because if they were ever in battle, the castles don't fall they were so strong)

Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII agenda - He wanted to continue the reform and end all nobleman or layman involvement in church matters

Bishop of Milan

Core of the struggle

Milan was critical to King Henry IV's agenda - his plan to restore power

Milan's Power

The 11th century brought a revival or urban life, town life, and trade

Burgeoning cities are producing great wealth by engaging in commerce

If people are engaging in commerce in a city a lot of wealth and important people will be there

Core of The Struggle and Start of the Fight between Henry IV and Pope Gregory

King Henry IV wanted to appoint the bishop of Milan to control the bishop and therefore control the city, and Hildebrand/Pope Gregory VII was determined to not let this happen

Letters Exchanged Between the Two

Pope Gregory VII then excommunicated King Henry IV

Since the Pope has the authority of Peter (whatever is bound on earth will be bound in heaven), if Henry IV didn't get back into the Pope's good graces, he will never get to heaven

Letters Exchanged between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

They started off with friendly letters, the Pope sent a letter to Henry acting like his father and talked about Henry's godfather, Hugh the Great (abbot of Cluny), who the Pope knew "You can find a friend in me, but do not try to influence the election of the Bishop of Milan or I will step in"

Henry responds politely but says that he should mind his own business and Germanic people do this all the time it's okay

The Pope said "No you cannot interfere, you cannot interfere with cannon law, and if you continue to try to interfere you will be excommunicated" - no King had been excommunicated in over 700 years, but Henry took this as a bluff

Henry doesn't respond in a friendly way and said that Hildebrand not Pope Gregory VII (this is very disrespectful) is not a pope but a false monk, and how dare he threaten him?

Excommunication of Henry IV

Since he now was not associated with the church and did not have any authority with God, he was like a disease that people wanted to stay away from

When the Pope stopped recognizing his divine authority, people stop recognizing his earthly authority - deposed him

Henry lost a lot of followers and noblemen, people detached from him (especially Bishops), so he would have no way of having any pull with the election of the Bishop of Milan

The Germanic noblemen elected an antiking in his place

The people that did remain loyal to him begged him to go to the Pope and beg his forgiveness

Winter of 1077

Pope Gregory VII left Rome and went to Canossa and stayed at the castle of Matilda, countess of Tuscany (friend and protector of the Pope, stepmother of Godfred of Bouillon)

Went to Canossa to preside over the council of Noblemen to elect a new king

Henry traveled to Canossa to stop the council from electing a new king, he would do this by begging the Pope for forgiveness

Begging for Forgiveness

King Henry IV went to Canossa with his wife and son, stood outside of the castle barefoot and in the garb of a penitent sinner with a candle in front of everyone (this was an extreme and goes to show the lengths that Henry will go), he begged and yelled for Pope Gregory VII to hear him out

King Henry IV was not actually sincere and Pope Gregory VII knew this, but since so many people saw King Henry IV's big proclamation, he knew that he had to hear him out or he would look bad

After hearing him out, Pope Gregory VII granted King Henry IV's absolution but did not lift the deposition (deposing him of the office of King)

King Henry got what he wanted and went back to Germany

He gained a lot of his followers back because now that he was in with the church again, people saw him as king and basically forgot about the deposition

King Henry IV then killed the elected antiking, Rudolph the Short

Aftermath of the struggle between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

King Henry IV was always bitter about being excommunicated and the lengths he had to go through to be let back into the church

He invaded Italy and was subsequently excommunicated a second time

After invading Italy, other bishops were made at Pope Gregory VII for absolving King Henry IV because if he hadn't, King Henry IV would have never had the money, power, or men to invade and sack Italy like he did

This created a civil war that drove Pope Gregory VII out of Italy, he was on the run with only the clothes on his back

The pope fled south to Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia and Calabria

The pope wanted help from Robert, and in return for his help Robert wanted money

The pope had no money so he agreed to let Robert and his men to loot Rome for three days

Robert Guiscard Looting the City

He and his men devastated Rome, now everyone in Rome knew what he let those men do and hated him immensely for it, so he was unable to travel back to Rome

After the struggle, the emergence and invention of the Papal Monarchy weakened the civil authority in Germany

Who won the struggle between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

King Henry IV - he won because he got his power back but he lost because when the imperial army invaded Italy it created a civil war in Germany, unrest, and internecine struggle (mutually destructive or ruinous; maiming both or all sides, conflict within the empire)

Pope Gregory VII - won because he established the power of the papacy, so powerful that a king would humble himself and lose his power like King Henry IV did, but lost because he ultimately lost all of his power and respect in Rome

The struggle lasted long after their deaths

Canossa

Where Matilda, countess of Tuscany (friend and protector of the Pope, stepmother of Godfred of Bouillon) lived

Where Pope Gregory was holding a council to elect a new king

Henry IV begged for forgiveness here

Cluny

Concordat of Worms (1122)

Worms was the capital under the Germanic empire

"sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinus by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Callixtus II and Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor on September 23, 1122, near the city of Worms"

What it did - Lay investiture in the narrow sense is abolished, the ceremony was gone. After the election but before consecration, the bishop receives the spiritualia

Compromise - Italy and Burgundy would have a free election. Germany would have "free elections" but in front of the king and armed men, so it was still forced

In each case, the King had the veto because if he didn't receive the temporalia (the temporal land money) he can't do his job

There were a lot of disputed elections so it was ultimately decided by the Pope

The Pope had the Pallium, a piece of undyed cloth with four purple crosses, and only the pope could give it to the bishops and no one could change that, so the pope had the final word

This was the building up of Papal power, especially with the Pope having the final word on Bishops elections

Papal Monarchy

The Papal state wasn't very large but the small territory had all of the attributes of a monarchy and is a model for all other governments, it became supranational (having power or influence that transcends national boundaries or governments)

Features and Characteristics of a Government (legislate, judicate, money/taxes, audit/keep records, armed forces, diplomatic, ceremonial aspects)

Papal Monarchy - Legislate

Whatever the Papacy said, went. They had power over the canon law

Papal Monarchy - Judicate

Datary - The judicial part of the papacy (the papacy pioneered this type of court), it was a church court that applied the Canon Law

Canon Law - first systematized higher law

The court was swift and cheap, which made it so popular

What the Datary did

Heresy - Popular heresy was a widespread, developed belief, that was dealt with an inquisition (a certain type of court that intensely questioned and interrogated heresy)

Cases of Marriage and Morals - There was no divorce but a marriage can be annulled because of one of the people cannot bear children, an impotent man, adultery, or testamentary law/testaments (someone saying that they did not agree to marry the person, or that they did not actually get married they just said they did)

A Dying Man's Last Will - The best witness to his last will was God, this was his court, and so the datary probates (establishes the will) it and the church carries it out

Blasphemy - Speaking bad about God or other religious things

Slander/Gossip

Benefit of the Clergy

All clergymen were subjected and tried before the datary, church courts, no matter the nature of the crime.

They could not be tortured or killed, only excommunicated or imprisoned (put in a room for a short with only bread and water)

This made people mad because there was extreme bias, but since clergymen were a different type of human, more spiritual and holy because of the ceremonies they went through, they cannot be judged by laymen

The Papacy is the supreme court of the dataries or church courts, so if you are a big shot you usually went straight to the top, or if you wanted to appeal your verdict you would go to Papal courts

Papal Monarchy - Receive Money/Taxation

Camera

The Papacy can tax

Annates - newly elected bishops had to pay the papacy their first years wages

Peter's Pence - as far east as Poland and as far west as Ireland, there was an annual tax of a penny on each hearth (a fireplace, which was a sign of wealth because not many people had it), which added up

Fees and Fines of Justice

Rents from Tenants - the Pope is a prince, landowner, owns a lot of land outside of the papal state that he could tax

Money also came in the form of gifts given to the papacy and people given to the papacy (to get vicarious merit and do good by the church, but some were also bribes)

Money that goes into Rome doesn't really come back out to the kings, the papacy was always short of money, so the papacy borrowed a lot of money that they couldn't pay back

Beginning to see a bureaucracy arise (a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives)

People audited and collected money to serve the government in a systematized way (england pioneered this, like most things, they were usually ahead, they kept great track of records and of money)

The Papal Monarchy - Audit/Keep Records

In the Papal Curia, by the 11th century - dozens of documents were coming in each week, 12th century it was 100s, 13th century it was 1000s

The Papal Archives are the best from the Medieval times, and the papacy was the leader of this

Every time a document was sent out or recieved, a copied was made of it

Chancery - a secretariate group of scribes under the officer of the chancellor to copy, write, and archive the documents

The Papal Monarchy - Armed Forces

The Papacy didn't have armed men or traditional weapons, but did have the weapons of excommunication and interdiction (to authoritative or prohibit)

The papal weapons had to be yielded carefully and the pope must not have any ulterior motives

Since the Papacy didn't have armed men, they found themselves fleeing a lot

The Papal Monarchy - Diplomacy

Had a supranational aspect, the papacy had foreign embassies and ambassadors

The papacy established the first diplomatic representatives in Europe

Located in the capitals of Europe (london, paris, worms, poland, e.t.c.)

The ambassadors were the Papal Envoy

Had the power to legate (legislative authority), to represent the pope on the spot and has the same power as the pope (they played a big role in the history of Europe in the 13th and 14th century)

The Papal Monarchy - Ceremonial Aspects

The Papal Curia - court of the Prince/Pope which the pope was the head of and had many different papal positions and offices

Papal Curia (Court of the Prince/Pope)

Chancery - records

Camera - money/taxes

Diplomatic Corps

Weapons of the Spirit

Datary - Courts

Phillip II Augustas

Skilled and greatest King of France

He married Ingeburg, the daughter of the King of Denmark, to get the help of Denmark's navy

It turned out that he didn't need Denmark's navy after all and wanted to divorce Ingeburg on the basis that he can't consummate the marriage on account of her bad breath

King Philip II Augustus put Ingeburg aside in defiance of the Pope, who wanted Ingeburg to have justice and Philip to uphold his holy promise, but the court found that she was related to Philip's first wife distantly but it was enough to vacate the marriage

Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)

the most significant pope of the Middle Ages

Reformed the Roman Curia, reestablished and expanded the pope's authority over the Papal States, worked tirelessly to launch Crusades to recover the Holy Land, combated heresy in Italy and southern France, shaped a powerful and original doctrine of papal power within the church and in secular affairs, and in 1215 presided over the fourth Lateran Council, which reformed many clerical and lay practices within the church.

He studied theology at the University of Paris and law at the University of Bologna, and the combination of the two made him think he ruled in the place of Christ

Secular kings and emperors existed only to serve the pope (the real lawmaker, the maker of laws that would lead to moral reformation)

The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

Presided over by Pope Innocent III

Lateran Palace at Rome

Produced a comprehensive set of cannons - most of them were prepared by the Pope's committee beforehand - to reform the clergy and laity (lay people). Most important reforms were the in the sacraments

Required Christians to take communion at mass and confess sins to a priest at least once a year

Marriage was designated as a sacrament and bishops were assigned jurisdiction over it

You could not marry cousins and someone related to you through marriage, godparents, or former marriage

Children from clandestine or forbidden marriages were illegitimate and could not inherit property from their parents or become a priest

These rules were not really followed

Consent of both parties made marriage legal

Defined Christianity - embraced some doctrines and rejected others - and turned against Jews and Muslims with new vigor

King John vs Pope Innocent III

Election of the Archbishop of Canterbury

Pope Innocent III said the Stephen Langton (1228) should be elected the new archbishop of Canterbury

King John, however, refused to allow the new archbishop access to his province, seized the revenues of Canterbury, and banished the monks; Innocent replied by laying England under an interdict (March 1208)

Langton tried to go to England to negotiate but John wouldn't so John was excommunicated by the church

Spiritual and Intellectual Revival

By 1200, the church established itself supreme, status of clergy was enhanced, and the church was more like a corporation

Students had the special status of the clergy and the protection of them as well (Benefit of the Clergy)

Monastic Revival

The Opus Dei "work of God" was revised

Originally, it was meeting seven times every day to sing the psalter (went through it each week), no more than 7 hours of manual labor, and 2 hours of useful reading

St. Benedict of Anian (817) increased the praying so much that they had no time for manual labor and only copied manuscripts when time allowed

This increase in prayer started at Cluny, where Urban II was pope (he called the Council at Clermont for the First Crusade)

Cluniac Order

Was the first religious order because all of the houses were united under the abbot of Cluny (Benedictine houses - from St. Benedict's Rules - were independent from one another)

Founded in the early 12th century

Unlike many other foundations, the founding of the abbey of Cluny was free, St. Berno of William made no claim to the house and gave it to the monks free alms (without expecting anything in return)

All Cluniac houses were established free alms, the men who gave money to a house or to establish a house had no authority over it

The houses still needed supervision, and it was the Pope who oversaw them

Abbot of Cluny lived at the Clermont

All other Cluniac houses were priories (daughter houses), there's only one abbott and he spends his life traveling to the priories and making sure everything is running smoothly

Celebrated the Mass

Monks wore black habits (black was a symbol of wealth because it was hard to dye cloth black)

Had hundreds of houses all over Europe

Founding of the Cluniac Order

12th century

William, count of Aquitaine, was a powerful nobleman who had sins to atone for

St. Berno befriended him, questioned his life and fate of his soul. William asked him what he could do to atone for his sins, and St. Berno said to offer a gift to God

They were walking around a large piece of land and St. Berno said that William should give all of this land to God and establish a house - the abbey of Cluny

Romanesque Style

Illuminated manuscripts were in the Romanesque style

Rounded Arches to support the heavy buildings, since they were so heavy they couldn't have a lot of windows (this was also very Roman because in the south - where Rome was - it would get so hot that they wouldn't have windows to not let a lot of light in and keep it cool)

Crucifixion shape with aps that contained large choirs

Had a lot of little chapels

Chapels were the celebration of the Mass around the clock (monks celebrated the mass and it became a new focus)

Celebration of the Mass

Monks would sit in the chapels around the clock and read from the Liber Vitae

Liber Vitae - the book of life, names of all of the persons inscribed of whom the community is obligated to pray for until the end of time (there were over 20,000 names in the Liber Vitae at Cluny)

This is why people would donate, because they would get prayed for by monks in this life and after

Cistercian

In the 12th century, people said they needed to revert back to St. Benedict's rules and do more physical labor - start of the Cistercian Order

Monastery at Citeaux did this first but they did not have a lot of success because they weren't organized or had a central leader

Founded by St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153), the greatest clergyman

White Monks, undyed cloth and no underwear

Undecorated houses, don't accept gifts of manor, only wastelands and houses are in remote places

Their remote houses left little in the ways to make money so they utilized their lands to farm and herd sheep, became the best sheep herders

Made wool from the sheep, phrase in 1200 "that guy is as rich as a cistercian"

They were what the rule of St. Benedict required

They thought they were better than everyone else and they made sure to let people know that

St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)

The greatest clergyman

Made the Cistercian order what it was, really founded it

He showed up to a Cistercian house with his family

He was a man of great eloquence, wrote in pure latin style, and gave some of the greatest sermons

He was fiercely ascetic, did not think that monasticistic life was strict enough - went through intense times of fasting, mystic

One of the first people or the first to emphasize the Virgin as the Intercessor

He considered Peter Abelard an enemy

He called the Second Crusade and it was largely the work of himself - Edessa fell to Islam and St Benedict told Christians to go save them

How many houses did the Cistercian Order have?

1118 - 7 houses

1153 - 353 houses (by the time of St Bernard's death)

1200 - 525 houses

Peter Abelard

Peter Abelard was the center of an age of intense intellectual activity, he was an enigmatic figure, an invincible arguer, a magnetic teacher. He expressed contempt for anyone who met him in the ring of open discussion. He believed that "he must understand in order for him believes." He said, by doubting we come to questioning, and by questioning we perceive the truth. This was an uncommon thought process in the year 1122, and it got him into trouble. Only the strength and wisdom of Cluny saved him from excommunication. He ended his days calmly in a Cluniac house.

Enemy of St Bernard of Clairvaux

Scholastic

Taught men how to argue, combining the best sciences from aristotle with the best religion, the Christian church.

Before, clergymen ruled over the courts but after men started to go to 'law school' it became them who ruled over the court - ended the Church's monopoly in the courts (people were becoming more literate)

All teaching was in latin, before entering the school you had to prove that you were proficient and fluent in Latin

Boys were taught Latin in 'grammar school' by a priest

All exams were oral

"Undergrad" - Liberal Arts

"Graduate/Masters" - Law, Canon Law, Medicine, Theology

First Scholastic Schools - there was no founding documents or charters - were in Paris and Bologna

"Undergrad" - Liberal Arts

Learning the Latin Language

"Graduate" - Law, Canon Law, Medicine, Theology

After you got your mastery in the Latin lang., you moved up to study law, canon law, medicine, and theology

Law and Medicine were lucrative sciences, they made money

University at Paris

Students were boys in their early to mid teens

It wasn't organized by students, they were too young

Organized by Masters, and Deans were at the top

Masters didn't like being under Deans, and a great argument was "Can Deans attain salvation?"

90% of students came here to study arts, bachelor of the arts

Knew a little bit of latin coming into the school, but they went there to master it

Still had the higher level courses but most had to begin in the arts before moving up, and after completing that, most did not want to move up - too hard, too long

University at Bologna

Thought of to be the first university, founded in the late 11th or early 12th century

Located in North Central Italy

Four Glossators

Students came to Bologna to study law

The only copy of Corpus Juris Civilis found in the west was at Bologna

Most students were in their mid 20's, with a wife, and a job - they went to school to get a better job

Had rectors

Students Wanted: Fair treatment - they are foreigners to Bologna and didn't want to get ripped off & Best education that money could buy

Four Glossators

Taught at Bologna and glossed text

"Glossing a Book" "Hearing A Book" - the glossators would read a text to the students and go back and explain difficult words, passages, and relate the text to previous texts that they have read, texts were read many many times

Explained the Corpus Juris Civilis

Body of Roman Civil Law, from Emperor Justinian, rulers liked it because it said "what pleases the prince has the force of the law"

Knew and understood this difficult text very well

Why were a lot of old documents found at the University at Bologna?

Italy - center of the Roman Empire, so a lot of Roman culture, institutions, and legal documents survived here)

Italy had people called Notaries - authenticated documents, know legal formuli and traditions

Scholastic Method

All schools use the same method but they disagree on a lot of arguments

Perfected in the University

You start by learning how to formulate an argument

Being able to argue is a commodity, something you can sell

When you master argumenting, you move on the disputatio

Education after the fall of the Roman Empire

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the only education was available in monastic schools

In Rome, the "schools" and teachers were private and very expensive

Men in the monastery already knew Latin, but the oblates and children needed a way to learn this so someone had to teach them, this was a coveted position for a monk because it didn't have a lot of manual labor (teacher was usually the librarian)

Monastic Schools

Conservative, wanted to preserve knowledge rather than expand it

Two hours of useful reading

There were not a lot of books so they were read to you and if you were confused you didn't question it you just accepted it

Emphasizes learning not questioning (elusive and meditative)

Focuses on the lectio "reading"

Typical monastic product was hagiography or monastio treatises

How did the University evolve?

The University did not evolve from Monastic Schools

Evolved from Cathedral schools and on its own in a way we don't know

Education in the Middle Ages - Scholastic Education

Knowledge was a commodity, you could sell it

The schoolmen were looking for a good argument, very much focused on the past

Constructing an argument

Schoolmen looked to the past, beginning with ancient text, looking for discrepancies, differences in key questions, passages that contradict each other - This is why the schoolmen could be considered heretics, but they weren't trying to challenge fundamental beliefs but to perfect their skills by taking on difficult subjects

Used logic and philology to to resolve any differences, they believed that differences aren't real but just reflect our inability to learn

Created Questiones

Used logic from aristotle (the best, the master of those who know, the "philosopher", he is always right) and the commentator (12th century muslim philosopher and theologist, second to Plato)

Using the philosopher, someone who was not religious and very scientific, with a muslim commentator was seen as a threat to the church in a way

This way of education lasted for 600 years

Middle Ages Education Schedule

Morning - lectio - reading a book, master reads and you hear and memorize the book because you will have to recall it word for word on the exam (no one passes the exam on the first try)

Afternoon - hear disputes - not a debate, a single individual who sets forth questiones that he will attempt to answer or argue, then the listeners will ask him a bunch of questions back and forth

Quod libet - ask me anything - hardest disputatios

At the end, all of the back and forth was written down and recorded, the master takes it home, comes up with his own answer and it is the final answer - determinatio

Why do people in the Middle Ages go to a University?

People went to school to get a better job, the idea is that a wealthy person doesn't need a better job because they already have money

When you graduate, it elevates your social status

"dwarves sitting on the shoulders of giants"

lectio

elusive, doesn't stay on point, doesn't question, doesn't argue, it's a meditative aid

reading a book, master reads and you hear and memorize the book because you will have to recall it word for word on the exam (no one passes the exam on the first try)

disputatios

not a debate, a single individual who sets forth questiones that he will attempt to answer or argue, then the listeners will ask him a bunch of questions back and forth

Quod libet - ask me anything - hardest disputatios

questiones

responsio

determinatio

At the end of a disputatio all of the back and forth was written down and recorded, the master takes it home, comes up with his own answer and it is the final answer - determinatio

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Best scholastic theologian

Prince of Scholastic Theologians

Comes from a wealthy family

Since he was a young boy, his family wanted him to follow in his uncle's footsteps and become the abbot of Monte Casino, but he decided that he wanted to be a Dominican

His family locked him in a room for awhile to get him to change his mind, but his uncle, the current abbot of Monte Casino, convinced his family to let him out and live his life

Dominicans

They were not subjected to papal cloister, they were able to travel outside the walls of the abbey to travel and preach, they also lived in extreme poverty

Thomism

St. Thomas Aquinas theology, was the official theology of the Roman Catholic Church

universitas

"Gild" "Association"

Just an association or gild of people who come together for a particular purpose

There were 80 universities by 1500

rector

Law students that were the head of the university

Represented the group and negotiates with locals for fair prices and rents

If they felt like they were not being treated fairly they would threaten secession (to leave) and the locals didn't want that because it means losing customers

Regulated the Masters

They could fine them if they: leave without rectors permission, want to get married, fail to have 5 students in class when it started at 5 am, if you skip portions of Corpus Juris Civilis, e.t.c.)

Masters got tired of this and established the Collegium