A & P Exam- April 16

What is the most important role of the layrynx?

protective function

what are examples of the protective functions of the larynx?

coughing, throat clearing, abdominal fixation

The process of vibration is determined by

elasticity, stiffnes and inertia

periodic waveform

repeats itself in a predicatable fashion

cycle

one point in a vibratory pattern to the same point again

period

time to complete one cycle of vibration

frequency

how often something occurs; cycles per second

Hertz

cycle per second ( percieved as pitch

frequency and period are

inverse of each other

intensity

increased amplitude of waveform

amplitude of wave

degree to which waveform goes beyond X axis

Decibel is percieved as

loudness

sound level meter

measures intensity of sound pressure coming from a source

Fundamental Frequency

frequency of vibration of vocal folds

Vocal jitter

cycle by cycle differences in VF vibration

vocal shimmer

cycle by cycle differences in intensity

phonogram

interaction between intensity and frequency

phonation is aka

voicing

phonaton is maintained by

the bernoullli effect and tissue elasticity

voicing is a product of

the vibrating vocal folds within the larynx

bernoulli effect dictates that

at a constant volume of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow

attack

beginning of phonation

simultaneous vocal attack

adduction and onset of respiration at the same time

adduction

process of bringing vocal folds together

breathy vocal attack

start significant airflow before adducting the vocal folds

glottal attack

adduction of the vocal folds prior to the airflow; if hard may damage the vocal mechanism

what is a constant in all types of attack?

adduction

the arytenoid cartialges can move in what 3 dimensions ?

rotating, rocking, gliding

abduction of VF means

the VF move apart

what is the purose of sustained phonation?

adduction and abduction for speech

sustatined phonation depends on

maintenance of pressure, flow and VF approximation

Modal register

most important register for an SLP, used in daily converstation

VF open and close from

inferior to superiro

what is the minimum driving force for modal register?

3-5 cm of water for 5 seconds

Glottal fry

crackly voice, low in pitch , VF spend up to 90% of time in approximation and Vocalis is tnse

Falsetto

highest register with increased vocal fold tension

whistle

not a mode of phonatoin but a product of turbulence on the edge of the vocal folds

2 variatoins of modal phonatoin

pressed and breathy

pressed modal phonation

medial compression is greatly increased

breathy modal phonation

inadequate vocal fold approximation with excessive airflow between vocal folds in closed phase

whisper

no voicing occurs

optimal pitch

frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vocal cords

habitual pitch

frequency habitually used by a person

pitch range

difference between lowest and highest frequencies

changing pitch uses what muscles?

circothyroid and thyrovocalis

increasing vocal intensity of vibrating vocal folds increases

subglottal pressurre and medial compression

loudness is the psychological correlate of

intesnity

what are the 3 stages of cycle vibration?

opening, closing and closed

the phonation mechanism is very sensative to

the health of the speaker

people who are physically fit have lower

frequency perturbation values

individuals with neuromotor dysfunction have higher

frequency perturbation values than fit individuals

maximum phonation time

duration of time an individual can sustain an phonation

diadochokinesis

alternation of articulators producing single or multiple syllables per second

suprasegmental aspects of communication

parameters of speech that are above the segment

elements of prosody include

pitch, stress, intonation, duration and rhythm

myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation

vibration of the VF depends on: component of muscle and the soft tissue of the larynx/ aerodynamic component is the airflow and compression through the compressed tube

articulation

process of joining two elements together

articulation for speech

process of bringing two or more moveable speech strucutres together to from the sounds of speech

articulators can be

mobile or immobile

examples of mobile articulators include

tongue, mandible, velum and lips

examples of immobile strucutres include

teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge

mandible

lower jaw of the face

paired maxillae

compromise the upper jaw; involved in clefting of the lip and hard palate; make up most of the roof of the mouth

Nasal bones

small and make up the superior nasal surface

palatine bones

provide posterior ¼ of the hard palate

Nasal conchae

small scrool-like bones on lateral surface of the nasal cavity

vomer

makes up part of nasal septum

zygomatic bones

forms the cheekbones

lacrimal bones

constitute a small portion of lateral nasal wall and medial orbit

hyoid bone

demonstrates interconnection of the phonatory and articulatory systems

ethmoid bone

the core of the skull and face

sphenoid bone

located within the brain case- lesser and greater wings

frontal

make up bony forehead

pariteal

paired bones forms middle portion of the braincase

occiptal bone

posteior braincase

temporal bone

lateral skull

class 1 occlusion

normal oreintation

Class 1 malocclusion

misalignment of bite

class 2 malocclusion

overbite

class 3 malocclusion

underbite

oral cavity

most signfiicant of the cavities, undergoes most change during speech act

hard palate

hard roof of the mouth

rugae

prominent lateral ridges

median raphe

divides hard palate in half

velum

soft palate; movable muscle that seperates oral and nasal cavities

uvula

terminus of soft palate

anterior and posterior faucial pillars

sides of the velum

palatine tonsils

bewteen faucial pillars

buccal cavity

lies lateral to oral cavity between teeth and cheeks; plays a role in oral resonance and consonant production

pharyngeal cavity

shape altered by pharyngeal constrictor muscles, laryngeal elevatoin and depression

oropharynx

posteior to fauces above is velum

laryngopharynx holds the

anteior epiglottis and inferior esophagus

nasophayrnx

above the soft palate, contains pharyngeal tonsils; lateral wall contains the eustachian tube

job of the nasal cavities

warms and humidifes air to protect the lungs

nares

anterior boundary; floor is hard palate

obicularis oris

encircle mouth opening

risourius

superficial; retracts corner of mouth

buccinator

deep to risourius, retracts corner of mouth; involved in mastication

zygomatic major

elevate and retract angle of the mouth; smiling

mentalis muscle

elevates and wrinkles chin, pulls lower lip out- pout