VPHY3107 - full exam 4 review

In what conditions does 2, 3-DPG increase?

hypoxemic

_____ inhibits the production of 2, 3-DPG

oxygen

When PO2 is low, hemoglobin is still _____

saturated

When PO2 is low, oxygen unloading is _____

decreased

if the intraplueral space fills with fluid, what does that do to the volume of the lung?

decreases volume

fluid crowding around the lung, decreasing volume can cause the lung to _____

collapse

normal pleural pressure during inspiration is _____

negative

why is pleaural pressure negative during inspiration?

to pull the lungs open

what effect on PO2 will less oxygen at high altitudes have on the pressure gradient for oxygen?

decreased pressure pushing oxygen across alviolar capillary membrane

in emphysema, elastic fibers in the alvioli are broken down. How does that effect compliance?

increases

compliance

stretchability

emphysema decreases _____

elasticity

when is intrapleural pressure at its lowest?

at the beginning of expiration

why is intraplural pressure lowest at the beginning of expiration?

the chest cavity is largest at the end of insiration, intraplural pressure must decrease to pull lungs open

when the chest cavity gets larger, the intrapleural space gets _____

smaller

where is there not a partial pressure gradient?

in arteriol blood

why is there no pressure gradient in arteriol blood?

the partial pressure of oxygen is constant thoughout

the deeper you go into the airways of the lungs, the surface area _____

increases

the deeper you go into the airways of the lungs, the diameter and length of the airways _____

decrease

which blood vessel has the highest levels of CO2?

pulmonary artery

why does the pulmonary artery have the highest levels of CO2?

deoxygenated blood is being pumped away from the heart to the lungs

which blood vessel has high levels of oxygen?

pulmonary vein

what is the function of the aorta?

exits the left ventricle and delivers oxygenated blood to the body

the volume of blood that leaves the heart with each beat is equal to …

the volume of blood that enters the pulmonary vessels with each beat

when is intraplural pressure positive?

during expiration

why is intraplural pressure positive during expiration?

to cause the chest walls to recoid inwards

when airways constrict, resistance _____

increases

when airways constrict, air flow _____

decreases

what happens to intraplural and alviolar pressure during expiration?

both increase

for air to flow out of the lungs, the pressure in the lungs must be _____ than atmospheric pressure

greater

during expiration, why must the pressure in the lungs be higher than atmospheric pressure?

follow pressure gradient to push air out of lungs

during expiration, thoracic volume _____

decreases

ventilation

the movement of gases between surrounding air of the body and the pulmonary alveoli

external respiration

gas exchange between alveoli and blood

internal respiration

the exchange between capillaries and tissues

cellular respiration

cells use oxygen to make carbon dioxide

when alveolar pressure is lower than atmosphereic pressure…

air moves into the lungs

when alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure…

air moves out of the lungs

when alveolar pressure is equal to atmosphereic pressure…

there is no air movement

where in the body are oxygen levels the lowest?

cells in systemic tissue beds

why are oxygen levels lowest in cells of systemic tissue beds?

oxygen is being unoaded

if there were no surfactants in the alveoli, compliance would _____

decrease

if there were no surfactants in the alveoli, the alveoli are more likely to _____

collapse

surfactants _____ surface tension

decrease

surfactants in the lungs are _____

phospholipids

increased acidity of the blood causes _____ offloading of oxygen in systemic capillary beds

increases

why does increased acidity of the blood cause increased oxygen offloading?

there is a lower affinity for oxygen making it easier to offload

CO2 levels are high where pH is _____

low

what factor contributes the most to efficient gas exchange?

total cross sectional area

decreaed diameter of the alveoli _____ airflow

slows

slowed airflow caused by decreaed diameter allows for …

more time for gas exchange

rate of diffusion is proportional to _____

surface area

_____ is more soluble in blood

CO2

what binds to hemoglobin?

oxygen

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange _____

passivley

how does the respiratory system protect the body from foreign particles and pathogens?

traps foreign bodies and pathogens in mucous on the lungs and moves it to the mouth to be swallowed

inspired air is heated to _____

37 degrees

inspired air is humidified to _____%

100

breathing is an _____ process

active

breath can be both _____ and _____

voluntary and involuntary

during inspiration, the diaphram _____

contracts

during expiration, the diaphram _____

relaxes

during expiration the chest walls return to _____

pre-inspriatory position

the chest walls return to pre-inspiration position _____

passivley

at the beginning of insiration, the pressure inside the lungs _____

decrease

surface tension causes the alveoli to _____

shrink

blood enters the kidneys though the _____

renal artery

smaller arterioles in the kidneys are in contact with _____

nephrons

the nephron consists of …

bowmans capsule and long renal tubule

nephrons empty into the _____

collecting ducts

blood enters the bowman’s capsule via the _____

afferent arteriol

blood passes though the glomerulus and exits via the _____

efferent arteriol

blood hydrostatic pressure is higher in the _____

capillaries

_____ drive water and solutes into the capsular space of the nephron

hydrstatic and osmotic pressure

the filtration membrane only allows _____ molecules to pass

small

what is able to pass though the filtration membrane?

water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and metabolic waste

_____ surround the renal tubule

peritubular capillaries

sodium concentration in the epithelial cells is _____

low

in the acending LOH _____ diffuses out

Na+

the ascending LOH is more _____

diluted

in the decending LOH, _____ diffuses out

water

the decending LOH is more _____

concentrated

_____ diffuses out of the collecting ducts

water

what happens when no ADH is present?

water cannot diffuse out of the collecting ducts

when no ADH is present, the urine becomes more _____

diluted

where does urinary filtrate enter when it first enters the nephron?

bowmans capsule

aldosterone causes the kidneys to dump _____

sodium into the blood

aldosterone causes the kidneys to keep _____

potassium in the kidneys

aldosterone causes sodium levels in the blood to _____

increase

aldosterone causes potassium levels in the blood to _____

decrease

potassium is excreted in the _____

urine

if large proteins are found in urine, what part of the nephron might be damaged?

glomerulus

the glomerulus should only allow ____ molecules to pass

small

what part of the nephron is impermiable to water?

ascending LOH

decrease in aldosterone _____ urine volume

increases

dehydration causes uring to become _____

more concentrated

there is more _____ in the filtrate than epithelial cells

H+

water and small molecules can exit the _____ from blood to the bowmans capsule or epithelial space

fenstrated capillaries

what parts of the nephron is impermiable to sodium?

decsending LOH and collecting ducts

vasopressin

decreased water and increased osmolarity in collecting ducts