CUSH 25-26

Isolationist:

The idea of a nation relying and dealing with only internal affairs, essentially washing its hands of foreign responsibilities.

Charles Evans Hughes:

Secretary of State (notable from previous end of world war and opposing the League of Nations) who declared the first war with Germany over. Also negotiated separate peace treaties with every nation from the war and then went to find a global safeguard against war without limiting American freedom.

Washington Conference:

A conference to prevent a naval armaments race between America, Britain, and Japan attended by Hughes who led with the proposal of a severe cut-back to all of their fleets. First attempt of the era to protect peace without involving the U.S. in active international duties

Nine Power Pact:

pledging to continue the Open Door Policy with China

Four Power Pact:

A promise between the U.S., Britain, France, and Japan to respect Pacific territories and work together to prevent aggression

Kellogg-Briand Pact:

concluded the Washington Conference

Charles G. Dawes’ banking plan:

The money triangle plan, US gave Germany money to pay Britain back and then Britain could pay the US back.

Fordney-McCumber Act of 1922:

enacted high tariff barriers that created problems to European countries exporting goods but finding it hard to make money.

USA and Latin America:

1920s many troops positioned in South American countries and investments in Latin America doubled to build roads and facilities. Now Latin America was finding it difficult to pay US back with the really high tariffs.

Axis leaders:

Italy- Benito Mussolini Germany- Adolf Hitler Japan- Emperor Hirohito

Lebensraum:

“living space” in German

World Economic Conference:

FDR agreed to participate in the 1933 conference in London to reinforce the gold standard and address war debts, but before he attended he allowed the gold standard to fall.

USA and the Soviet Union:

Viewed each other with mistrust but tried to make each other a source of trade. November 1933 they reached an agreement that the Soviets would cease propaganda in American as well as protect U.S. citizens and the U.S. would recognize the communist regime. Yet, by the end of 1934 everything soured again.

Nye investigation:

(Performed by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota) showed profiteering and tax evasion by many corporations during the first World War and suggested (kinda) that bankers had pressured Wilson to intervene in the was to protect their international loans.

Appeasement:

After invading Rhineland and Austria, Hitler demanded part of Czechoslovakia and Europe gave part of it to him on his promise to not invade anything else, hoping not to get dragged into another war. Yet, in March of 1939, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia

1935 Neutrality Act:

Designed to have legal safeguards to prevent the United States from being dragged into the war.

Change - Neutrality Act in 1937:

included the cash-and-carry policy so belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the United States and had to pay cash as well as carry the goods home themselves.

In 1935 Italy invaded:

Ethiopia

”Quarantine Speech” :

FDR warned of forces that were a “contagion” of war, alluding to the Japanese at a speech about a new bridge in Chicago. DId not go over with the American public well.

the Panay incident:

Japanese airplanes sunk the U.S. gunboat Panay when it was sailing on the Yangtze RIver in China in broad daylight with clear identification. But Japanese apologies were received.

Sino-Japanese War 1931-1941:

The war between China and Japan where Japan ended up controlling part of China for 6 years.

Nanjing Massacre:

The killing of thousands and thousands of civilians in the city of Nanjing (between 80,000-300,000)

Communist Leader in China:

Mao Zedong

Nationalist Leader in China:

Chiang Kaishek

timeline for German expansion:

1936- Moved troops into Rhineland, 1937- , 1938- Marched into Austria and received part of Czechoslovakia, 1939- Took the rest of Czechoslovakia, signed peace pact with the Soviet Union, invasion of Poland (WWII declared)

“phony war”:

lull following the winter and spring following the invasion of Poland where the only fighting happening was from the Soviet expansion

Soviet Union expansion:

Spring of 1940, invaded Baltic republics of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Finland

In the spring of 1940, Germany invaded these areas:

Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France

What happened at Dunkirk?:

British soldiers were stranded on French beaches only to be saved by assembled military and civilian vessels

Vichy Government:

Taken over by the collaborationist regime

Burke-Wadsworth Act:

The first peacetime military draft in America

American First Committee:

Put American values first and wanted to stay out of the war, providing a pretty heavy presence in anti-war propaganda while having big names in their group

Lend-Lease Act:

Allowed the government to sell AND lend/lease armaments to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the United States”.

Reuben James:

US ship sunk by German submarines, killing many US sailors and Congress then allowed merchant vessels to be armed.

Atlantic Charter:

Documents released by FDR and Churchill setting up “certain common principles” for a better world. It was a badly disguised call for the destruction of Nazi Germany

Pearl Harbor:

Japan seized capital of Vietnam, so US cut oil off unless they gave back all invaded land (forced Japan’s hand) and even knew after November 29th an attack would happen (but didn’t know to who or where). Pearl Harbor was attacked 07:55 Sunday, Dec 7th, 1941 and again an hours later. Casualties included 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 188 airplanes, 2000 soldiers and sailors, 1000 injured, 4 other vessels, but unified the entire nation to declare war.

Areas attacked besides Pearl Harbor by Japan:

Manila (10 hours after), Guam (3 days later), Wake Island and British colony Hong Kong, Singapore (February 1942), Dutch East Indies (March 1942)

Bataan Death March:

Japanese forces U.S. to surrender on Bataan peninsula. U.S. soldiers stranded to do a 65 mile march to Japanese camps. 78,000 started marching, 15,000 died marching, 26,000 died in the camps.

Doolittle’s Raid:

1st American strike against mainland Japan. Even though there was little damage, it boosted US morale and proved they could be defeated. But… Japanese go in and massacre the Chinese villages that helped the US

America’s two prong strategy in the war in the Pacific:

MacArthur → Move North from Australia through New Guinea and back into the Philippians

Nimitz → Go west from Hawaii to major Japanese outposts in the central Pacific.

Ultimate goal of the two prong strategy was to invade Japan

Coral Sea:

Battle that was the 1st important Allied stalemate against Japan. Northwest of Japan and on May 7-8, 1942, where the Allies were previously defeated. SHOWED JAPAN COULD BE STOPPED

Midway:

4 day battle from June 3rd to June 6th, 1942, at a small American outpost. The US won even when severely outnumbered and facing many casualties, still destroying 4 Japanese aircrafts compared to their one destroyed and regaining control of the Central Pacific.

Solomon Islands:

Where Americans took the offensive gaining Gavutu, Tulagi, and Guadalcanal (this island took 6 months of ferocious and brutal fighting as well as high losses on both sides). Ultimately these victories stopped the offensive from Japan.

Iwo Jima:

MAJOR battle and victory for the United States, but was one of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific. The island provided a strategic spot in the war against Japan as well as home defense.

North Africa in 1942:

Kasserine Pass taken in surge by Germany but taken back via counterattack by the Allies, driving Germany out of Africa.

Generals:

Germany - Erwin Rommel

Great Britain - Bernard Montgomery

USA - George S. Patton

Fighting at Stalingrad:

Most casualties on either side, to the point where Germany lost so bad Hitler had to stop his eastern offensive movement.

Casablanca Conference:

Where it was agreed upon to invade Sicily and not France to knock Italy out of the war.

the Holocaust:

6 million dead Jews and 4 million dead "undesirables:,Evidence was proven in 1942 and we did NOTHING

Breckenridge Long:

Official who made it basically impossible for immigrant escaped Jews to get into America, leading to more Jewish death.

St. Louis:

Boat with 1000 escaped Jews that was forced to be sent back where over ⅕ of them died in the Holocaust.

Vannevar Bush:

MIT scientist who helped pioneer the development of the early computer

Gee System:

Navigational system using electronic pulse to plot the exact location, used mostly by pilots and slightly by the navy.

Ultra:

British project that captured enemy intelligence

Enigma machine:

Machine that unscrambled code that was able to work in hours, leading to a constant flow of information

Alan Turing:

Polish guy who led the Bombe mission

Bombe:

Polish decoding machine that helped start the Enigma machine before it was shut down by Germany

Magic:

American operation breaking Japanese coding

A Philip Randolph:

Planned massive march on Washington, only stopped when President Roosevelt agreed to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission. It would investigate discrimination in war industries.

CORE:

The Congress of Racial Equality

Hayes:

one of the flag raisers at Iwo Jima, Native American

Code Talkers:

Native Americans working in military communications speaking their own language so that they could talk over radio frequencies without anyone understanding.

John Collier:

Resigned fro the Indian Affairs program after massive pressure to eliminate the reservation system and force Native Americans to assimilate

Zoot Suit” riots:

Attacks by white sailors against the Mexican American people. Showed racism in police as well as they would beat Hispanics who would fight back, and banned zoot suits.

WACs:

Army Military branch for women serving as clerks, mechanics, and radio operators so men could fight

WAVEs:

Navy branch for women serving as clerks, aviation, engineers, and medical roles to release men for combat and sea duty.

Interment of the Japanese:

Propaganda against the Japanese as cruel and devious, with Pearl Harbor adding to that. Lead to internment camps that were nearly prisons that were harsh and uncomfortable while trying to “Americanize” the people

Korematsu v USA:

Ruled the relocation of the Japanese as constitutionally permissible

The election of 1944:

Thomas E. Dewey vs Roosevelt, sick and frail Roosevelt wins

Dresden:

One of the German industrial installations bombed, but this one caused a fire storm that destroyed ¾ of the city and killed 135, 000

Luftwaffe:

The German Air Force (forced to go back to Germany to defend against the Allied bombings)

D-day invasion:

June 6th, 1944 at the coast of Normandy (not where the Germans expected). Nearly 3 million troops surged the beach and behind the German lines under Dwight D. Eisenhower

Battle of the Bulge:

Where the Allied drive hit a halt at the Rhine River to the Germans. The Germans then drove 55 miles towards Antwerp until they were stopped at Bastogne, which ended the German resistance to the West. It was called “Bulge” because of how the American forces looked to the Germans.

General Joseph Stilwell:

American General who was in the China Burma India Theater

War in the Pacific – Island hopping:

Victories - Marshall Islands, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, etc.

Chiang Kai-shek:

One of the leaders of China, technically worked together with American General Stilwell, but was far more concerned with the Chinese Civil War, only having his troops attack the other side and not the Japanese

Describe the Battle of Leyte Gulf:

Largest navel engagement in history with three major encounters. The Americans held off Japanese onslaught and sunk 4 carriers, essentially destroying Japan’s naval ability.

Einstein:

Gave the founding ideas and theories as well as warning America about the German ambition of nuclear power

Fermi:

Discovery of the radioactivity of uranium. Italian scientist who emigrated to America to continue his research for the government

Bohr:

Sent news of the German experiments in radioactivity

General L. Groves:

Put in charge of the research of radioactivity (including Fermi’s) and reorganized it into the Manhattan Project

J. Robert Oppenheimer:

Led the construction of the bomb

Paul Tibbets:

Pilot of the Enola Gay

Enola Gay:

plane that dropped the Little Boy Bomb

Henry Golde, Rag Dolls:

Holocaust survivor who wrote the book Rag Dolls

Readings / Essential Documents:

“Do you want your wife to work after the war”, logs from the soldier in the pacific, racism reading, Four Freedoms Speech, Breckindge Long and immigration, the Olympic friends, Dr. Seuss war cartoons, Gallop Polls,